Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0024312 (lymphopenia)
 4,859 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A placebo-controlled trial of Levamisole in 47 black children with measles is reported. The children were of satisfactory nutrition but at risk from severe disease as judged by a lymphopenia of less than 2000 X 10(-9)/m3 (less than 2000/mm3) early in the exanthem. A placebo or Levamisole (2.5 mg/kg/dose) were given orally weekly for six weeks. Death or persistence of radiological pneumonia at six weeks occurred in 74% of the Levamisole and 92% of the placebo group. No side effects of the drug were noted. The immune responses that were monitored for six weeks were total lymphocyte and lymphocyte subpopulation counts, PHA stimulated lymphocyte transformation, leucocyte migration inhibition, measles antibody titres and serum levels of immunoglobulins and complement components. In none of these was a significant difference found between the two groups. While there was a trend clinically towards complete recovery in the group that received Levamisole, statistically it was not significant, and therefore Levamisole cannot be recommended for treatment of measles.
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PMID:Levamisole therapy in children at risk from severe measles. 618 87

Profound lymphocytopenia (greater than 2,000 lymphocytes/mm3) occurring within two days of rash in 69 South African black children with measles predicted either death or progression to chronic lung disease in 51 (77%) of 66 children who were followed for at least six weeks. Lymphocytopenia was significantly associated with the presence of histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA) AW32 (P = 0.01), with a relative risk of 5.5. There was a trend toward an association between the presence of particular antigens in the HLA complex and the various indices of humoral and cellular immunity studied. These findings are discussed in terms of variation in the clinical spectrum of the disease and in relation to the evolution of HLA polymorphism.
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PMID:Measles, histocompatibility leukocyte antigen polymorphism, and natural selection in humans. 691 75

Distemper virus is very similar antigenically to measles virus, and the disease produced in ferrets by distemper is a systemic illness quite similar to measles infection in humans. Using an attenuated strain of distemper virus, we produced a mild systemic illness in ferrets and were able to study the effects of the viral infection on cell-mediated immunity (CMI). Beginning on day 5 after viral inoculation and continuing to day 30, infected ferrets showed a marked lymphopenia, with a reduction in total numbers of all lymphocyte subpopulations studied. Transformation of circulating lymphocytes to the mitogens phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, and pokeweed mitogen was suppressed on day 5, reached a nadir by days 8 to 11, and returned toward normal by days 23 to 30 after viral inoculation. Production of macrophage migration inhibitory factor by splenic macrophages was diminished during distemper infection. In contrast to marked suppression of these in vitro assays for CMI, delayed hypersensitivity skin test responses were only slightly diminished in animals infected with distemper virus. This model should prove useful in exploring the mechanisms of measles induced immunosuppression.
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PMID:Distemper virus infection in ferrets: an animal model of measles-induced immunosuppression. 704 25

To determine whether functional antibody responses correlate with factors associated with severe measles, measles-specific antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and neutralizing antibodies were measured in 114 Filipino children with measles. Children > 24 months old were more likely to have ADCC antibody in acute sera than were those < or = 24 months (odds ratio = 3.6, 95% confidence interval = 1.7-7.8). This age-related difference in ADCC prevalence was most apparent between younger and older girls. Among children < or = 24 months, a higher prevalence of ADCC antibody was associated with male sex, absence of lymphopenia, and household exposure to measles. The presence of ADCC antibody was not associated with malnutrition or diarrhea. Neutralizing antibody titers were lower in children with lymphopenia but showed no relationship with the other variables. Thus, the ADCC antibody response is associated with some risk factors related to measles severity. Attenuation of this response may contribute to the severity of infection.
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PMID:Age, sex, and household exposure are associated with the acute measles-specific antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity antibody response. 759 22

Membrane cofactor protein (MCP, CD46) of the complement system is a measles virus (MV) receptor. Human lymphocytes express a heavily glycosylated (H) and a lightly glycosylated (L) form of MCP, which confers a two-band profile on SDS-PAGE the ratio of which is controlled genetically and organ-specifically. In contrast, granulocytes express a single heavily glycosylated form regardless of lymphocyte MCP phenotype. We investigated susceptibility to MV of granulocytes and lymphocytes from individuals with different lymphocyte MCP phenotypes. In any individual, granulocytes were > 10-fold less susceptible to MV than lymphocytes, and the lymphocytes with predominant H form were generally less susceptible to those with an increasing amount of L form. Thus, lymphocytes always exhibit high susceptibility to MV compared to granulocytes in all individuals. This finding may explain the lymphopenia and immunosuppression observed secondary to MV infection.
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PMID:Human lymphocytes are more susceptible to measles virus than granulocytes, which is attributable to the phenotypic differences of their membrane cofactor protein (CD46). 871 5

During measles virus (MV) infection, lymphopenia and immune suppression are observed in humans, yet the mechanisms underlying these effects remain unknown except that membrane cofactor protein (MCP, CD46) acts as a receptor for MV, accelerating entry of the virus into host cells. CD46 is a complement regulator, the role of which is to protect host cells from the autologous complement system. Thus, it encompasses complement-related and MV-mediated immune modulation. In this review, I discuss the structural and functional differences between CD46 on lymphocytes and on granulocytes, which partly explain the higher susceptibility of lymphocytes to MV than other blood cells to clarify the mechanisms of MV-mediated lymphopenia and immune suppression, and help resolve the T cell immunity dysfunction secondary to virus infection including HIV.
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PMID:CD46, a complement regulatory protein/measles virus receptor, and its relation to hematological disorders. 885 67

A boy with ocular type myasthenia gravis was reported. The therapeutic effect of pyridostigmine bromide and corticosteroid was insufficient. However, clinical symptoms disappeared rapidly after an influenza A virus infection. On a peripheral lymphocytes subsets analysis, the CD 3, CD 4 and CD 4/CD 45 RA positive lymphocytes increased with the therapy and decreased after the infection. By contrast, CD 19 positive lymphocytes decreased with the therapy and increased after the infection. These results suggested that influenza A may improve the clinical signs of myasthenia gravis, as is the improved case with measles.
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PMID:[A case of myasthenia gravis with transient remission after influenza A virus infection]. 1002 39

Measles remains a major cause of childhood mortality, with questions about virus virulence and pathogenesis still requiring answers. Rhesus macaques were infected with 5 different culture-adapted strains of measles virus, including 2 from patients with progressive vaccine-induced disease, and a sixth nonculture-adapted strain, Bilthoven. All caused infection detectable by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and induction of antibody. Chicago-1 and Bilthoven induced viremias detectable by leukocyte cocultivation. Bilthoven induced Koplik's spots, conjunctivitis, and rash. Lymphopenia and depressed interleukin (IL)-2 production were followed by monocytosis and eosinophilia. All monkeys, including 41 involved in a primate facility outbreak, showed suppressed responses to phytohemagglutinin. As the rash resolved production of IL-2, IL-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-6, and IL-5 mRNA increased. Monkeys are useful for studies of measles immunopathogenesis, but virus strains must be carefully chosen. Increased virulence of vaccine strains isolated from immunocompromised infants with fatal infections was not evident.
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PMID:Measles virus infection in rhesus macaques: altered immune responses and comparison of the virulence of six different virus strains. 1047 17

Infection with measles virus induces a transient immunosuppression, which occasionally results in fatal opportunistic infections. To obtain fundamental information about the mechanism, we examined peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from acute measles patients aged from infants to 35 years old, obtained at various times from incubation periods to 103 days after onset of rash, for the number of lymphocyte subsets by flowcytometry. The data were analyzed for relationships between aging of the patients and the severity of immunosuppression. In classical measles cases, infected lymphocytes detected as a minor population during the incubation period disappeared soon after onset of rash, whereas in the cases of serious illness, the infected cells persisted longer after the rash. At the onset of rash, remarkable lymphopenia had already occurred in all measles cases with reduction in cell numbers of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, B cells, neutrophils, and monocytes. In contrast, natural killer (NK) cells were increased in number and activated, which might be a response compensatory for the lymphopenia. Apoptosis-associated molecules such as CD95(Fas) and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-receptor (TRAIL-R) were highly expressed on the cell surface of most surviving non-infected lymphocytes, and DNA fragmentation was also observed upon incubation in vitro. These results suggested that the profound lymphopenia was primarily due to extended death of non-infected blood cells caused by apoptosis. The severity and duration of the lumphopenia were age-dependent; less severe in young children whereas much severer in infants under one year of age as well as adolescents and adults. From these results, it was suggested that remarkable lymphopenia due to apoptosis of uninfected cells is one of the principal causes for immunosuppression induced by measles virus infection, and is correlated with the age-dependent severity of the disease.
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PMID:Extensive lymphopenia due to apoptosis of uninfected lymphocytes in acute measles patients. 1088 78

Morbilliviruses comprise measles virus, canine distemper virus, rinderpest virus, and several other viruses that cause devastating human and animal diseases accompanied by severe immunosuppression and lymphopenia. Recently, we have shown that human signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) is a cellular receptor for measles virus. In this study, we examined whether canine distemper and rinderpest viruses also use canine and bovine SLAMs, respectively, as cellular receptors. The Onderstepoort vaccine strain and two B95a (marmoset B cell line)-isolated strains of canine distemper virus caused extensive cytopathic effects in normally resistant CHO (Chinese hamster ovary) cells after expression of canine SLAM. The Ako vaccine strain of rinderpest virus produced strong cytopathic effects in bovine SLAM-expressing CHO cells. The data on entry with vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotypes bearing measles, canine distemper, or rinderpest virus envelope proteins were consistent with development of cytopathic effects in SLAM-expressing CHO cell clones after infection with the respective viruses, confirming that SLAM acts at the virus entry step (as a cellular receptor). Furthermore, most measles, canine distemper, and rinderpest virus strains examined could any use of the human, canine, and bovine SLAMs to infect cells. Our findings suggest that the use of SLAM as a cellular receptor may be a property common to most, if not all, morbilliviruses and explain the lymphotropism and immunosuppressive nature of morbilliviruses.
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PMID:Morbilliviruses use signaling lymphocyte activation molecules (CD150) as cellular receptors. 1139 May 85


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