Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0023890 (cirrhosis)
 42,195 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Alcohol and drug abuse are the two main addictions in the elderly subject. Prevalence of alcohol dependency is 14% in those over 65 years of age and 17% in elderly psychiatric patients. The distribution of alcoholism between the sexes becomes equal with age. After 65 years of age, the sex-ratio is 1 female to 1.3 male subjects. The elderly alcoholic population consists of both subjects having become alcoholics at a young age and those in whom alcoholic behaviour appeared at a late age. In one third of elderly alcoholics such dependency appeared after 60 years of age. The main risk factors for alcoholism in the elderly subject are lonliness, death of the spouse and the presence of an invalid or bedridden spouse. In the elderly, tolerance to and dependence on alcohol are rare and appear late. Somatic complications are particularly severe (cirrhosis, liver cancer, gastritis, acute pancreatitis and myocardial involvement). Psychiatric complications include anxiety, depression and especially suicide. Alcoholism is the third most frequent cause of organic cerebral dementia, following Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia. Drug dependency is very often linked to alcoholism and consists of tranquillizers and less often of antalgics.
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PMID:[Addictive behavior in the elderly]. 793 9

Among cardiovascular diseases coronary artery disease ranks first as cause of death in the age group that is of importance for life insurance. It is the main cause of death in males age 30 and up. More females die from cerebral hemorrhage than from coronary artery disease. From age 50 upwards coronary artery disease is also the main cause of cardiovascular death in females. Over two thirds of all deaths due to gastrointestinal diseases are caused by liver disease, mainly cirrhosis of the liver. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease causes two thirds of all respiratory deaths. Accidental deaths seem to be a male privilege, since only 20 per cent females are involved. Especially young males are at risk to get killed in an accident. The particular situation of accidents in the elderly mainly due to falls is discussed. Neurological, psychiatric illnesses, alcohol and drug addiction are discussed briefly. Males in general are more prone to commit suicide than females who account for only one quarter of all suicide deaths. Hanging was the preferred method. Young males especially are in danger of killing themselves. The importance of this new method of compiling vital statistics for life insurance purposes is discussed. These are the conclusions: 1. Main risk for life insurance is death due to cancer, mainly of the alimentary and respiratory tract. This applies to the population at large. In females breast and genital cancer are of crucial importance. 2. In males cardiovascular diseases cause slightly more deaths than tumors. From age 30 on coronary artery disease is the main cause of cardiovascular death.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Cause of death statistics (III). Sources for insurance medicine: cardiovascular diseases and selected causes of death]. 797 84

A retrospective cohort study was performed to analyze the mortality patterns of Danish merchant seamen in the period 1970-1985. The population census in 1970 in Denmark was the source of information on individual occupation, age, and marital status. All men aged 20-64 years and economically active in 1970 were included. Computerized linkage with the Danish Mortality Register gave information about the deceased persons' date and cause of death. An increased overall mortality among all groups of seamen was found, being highest for deck and engine crew members. The overall mortality was strongly dependent on age and marital status. The highest mortality rate ratios (MRR) were found among young seamen and unmarried seamen. MRRs of 1.90 and 2.47 for cancer of the respiratory system were found among engine officers and crew. The MRRs for accidents and suicide were increased for all seamen, and were highest for crew members, among whom the MRR from accidents was stable within age groups but fell for suicide with increasing age. The same pattern was found with cirrhosis of the liver, although this was positively associated with increasing age. Excess mortality from ischemic heart disease was only found among engine crew (MRR = 1.43). This study confirms earlier findings of high mortality among seafarers. Negative selection into the occupation, occupational environmental factors, and lack of health and safety promotion programs and education could be causes of the high mortality.
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PMID:Mortality among Danish merchant seamen from 1970 to 1985. 806 63

The mortality profile of female nurses and teachers in British Columbia (BC) was examined using age-standardized proportional mortality ratios (PMRs) calculated for the period 1950-1984. Lowered overall mortality among nurses was seen for degenerative heart disease and for cerebrovascular accidents. Significantly elevated PMR values were observed for cancer of the breast and ovary in nurses of age 20-65 years. PMRs were significantly elevated for cancer of the pancreas and leukemia among those age 20 years and older. Elevated values were also observed for motor vehicle accidents and suicide among nurses in both age groups. Lower than expected mortality from degenerative heart disease and cerebrovascular accidents was seen in working age teachers (age 20-65 years). However, elevated PMRs were detected for carcinoma of the colon, breast, endometrium, brain, and melanoma. Among those 20 years and over, significantly elevated PMRs were also observed for cancers of the ovary and other digestive organs. Elevated PMRs were found for motor vehicle and aircraft accidents. Mortality from cirrhosis of the liver was lower than anticipated in both teachers and nurses. A number of significant PMRs declined when deaths of "homemakers" were withdrawn from the comparison group used to generate PMR values, suggesting that risk of death from various causes among women working outside the home differ from those seen in women who are predominantly in the home.
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PMID:Mortality among female registered nurses and school teachers in British Columbia. 807 20

In recent years health professionals have been concerned about the health of aborigines which has been neglected for a long time. Health disparities are known to exist among aborigines and non-aborigines in the United States or other countries. In Taiwan, there are nine main aboriginal tribes consisting of approximately 330,000 people. In general, their health status, evaluated by life expectancy, mortality rates and the prevalence and incidence of various diseases amongst them, is worse than amongst the rest of the Taiwanese (general) population. Current investigations indicate that life expectancy for aborigines is on average 10 years less than that of the general population; 12.5 years less for men, 6 years less for women; approaching a standardized mortality ratio of 2 fold, that is 2.1 fold in men, 1.7 fold in women. Accidental injures, suicide, tuberculosis, liver cirrhosis, alcoholism, pneumonia, bronchitis, parasite infections are the most important sources of diseases. Hypertension, heart disease, some selected sites of cancer, nutrition and lack of adaptation are gradually becoming important new sources of disorders. Although aboriginal health has improved over the decades, the author estimates that their overall health status is 25-30 years behind that of the general population or of off-shore islanders. The extent of their development varies with tribes. It is necessary to study the cause of why aborigines die so young. It may be due to insufficient medical care for heart disease whose prevalence is relatively low among aborigines but resultant mortality is nevertheless high. However, insufficient medical care cannot explain the high incidence of a number of cancers and resultant mortality. All factors relating to the environment, agents, hosts and diseases should be taken into consideration, such culture, transportation, life style, health behavior etc, and compared to those of non-aborigines. A series of studies are proposed to address the specific, multi-dimensional health demands of the aborigines. The author suggests the development of prevention and intervention strategies designed to overcome difficulties and barriers to eliminate these disparities among the people of Taiwan.
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PMID:[Issues on aboriginal health in Taiwan]. 808 70

Leading causes of death were analyzed among Aboriginal tribes in Taiwan in the decades of 1971-80 and 1981-90. Sex and tribe specific standardized mortality ratios were calculated from death certificate data and compared with the number of expected deaths derived from the mortality of the total population in Taiwan. In all, 35,221 cases of death in Aborigines were contrasted with 1,695,479 cases of death in the total population in Taiwan. Generally speaking during the two decades the SMR increased considerably suggesting more attention should be paid to the aborigines. Mortality due to accidents was statistically significantly higher than expected among Atayal, Bunun, Paiwan and Rukai men and among Atayal, Bunun and Paiwan women, as was mortality from tuberculosis among Atayal, Bunun, Paiwan and Rukai men and women, mortality due to liver cirrhosis as well as pneumonia among the Atayal, Bunun and Paiwan men and women, mortality from suicide among Atayal, Bunun, and Paiwan men, and among Atayal and Bunun women, mortality due to cancer among Bunun and Paiwan men and women, and mortality due to cardiovascular diseases among Atayal, Bunun and Paiwan men in 1981-90 decade. The SMR for ill-defined conditions was on average twice as high as expected; but among the Yami tribe in particular it was elevated 12 fold, indicating insufficient medical care. Factors relating to the cause of increased deaths need to be further studied.
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PMID:[Leading causes of death in the aborigines in Taiwan]. 808 71

Except for conflicting evidence about coffee and risk of coronary disease, coffee and tea are not linked to major causes of death. Because of widespread use of both beverages and limitations of prior studies, concern persists. Using Cox models (ten covariates) we studied relations in 128,934 persons to 4501 subsequent deaths. Except for slightly increased risk from acute myocardial infarction among heavier (> or = 4 cups/d) coffee users (relative risk versus nondrinkers = 1.4, 95% confidence interval = 1.0 to 1.9, P = 0.07), there was no increased risk of mortality for all deaths (relative risk per cup of coffee per day = 0.99, 95% confidence interval = 0.97 to 1.01; relative risk per cup of tea per day = 0.98, 95% confidence interval = 0.96 to 1.00) or major causes in adjusted analyses. Coffee was related to lower risk of liver cirrhosis death (relative risk per cup of coffee per day = 0.77, 95% confidence interval = 0.67 to 0.89). Use of both beverages was related to a lower risk of suicide, progressively lower at higher coffee intake (relative risk per cup of coffee per day = 0.87, 95% confidence interval = 0.77 to 0.98). We conclude that coffee and tea have no overall relation to mortality risk. If coffee increases coronary risk, this is balanced by an unexplained lower risk of other conditions, notably cirrhosis and suicide.
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PMID:Coffee, tea, and mortality. 1713 Mar 96

Seven thousand three hundred seventy-six sudden or violent manner of deaths were inspected or autopsied at Tokyo Metropolitan Medical Examiner's Office in 1989. Out of these victims, 693 (9.4%) victims were regarded as heavy drinkers on the basis of the drinking habits and the autopsy reports and 196 (2.7%) victims without past problem drinking were thought to be drunk at death from the family statements or the blood alcohol analysis. The total 889 (12.1%) alcohol-related cases (autopsy was performed on the 489 cases) were studied from epidemiological and etiological viewpoints. The average age of the alcohol-related victims (male: 811, female: 78) was 52 +/- 11 years. In middle-aged (45-54 years) men, 34% of the all sudden or violent deaths were alcohol-related. About half of the alcohol-related victims were living alone and jobless and they often died at home, particularly in the bed. In the alcohol-related victims, the blood alcohol concentration (BAC) analysis revealed that the average BAC of female was significantly higher than that of male. (2.12 +/- 1.73 mg/ml vs. 1.33 +/- 1.75, P < 0.01). This difference may be associated with sex difference in ethanol metabolism, body composition and drinking habits. Among the major causes of the alcohol-related deaths, alcoholic liver diseases accounted for 226 (25%), gastro-intestinal bleedings for 115 (13%), cardiovascular diseases for 105 (12%) and violent deaths (e.g., acute alcohol intoxication, falls, traffic accidents, suicide) for 329 (37%). By histopathological examination of the liver, about 30% of the alcoholic liver disease cases showed mainly fatty metamorphosis and 48% showed liver cirrhosis. Only 12% of the cirrhotics had either jaundice or ascites, suggesting hepatic failure. Alcoholic cardiomyopathy was suspected in only 11 cases. In conclusion, many people, particularly middle-aged men, lose their lives due to heavy drinking and there are many pathologically unexplainable sudden deaths of alcoholics.
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PMID:[Alcohol and sudden death: a survey on alcohol-related deaths at tokyo Metropolitan Medical Examiner's Office (1989)]. 834 5

Inter-cultural comparisons point to associations among aggregate rates of consumption and certain alcohol-related complications, particularly chronic effects, such as liver cirrhosis mortality. Accidental, poisoning and violent incidents are not considered to have as strong an association with societal drinking patterns, since situational, environmental and interactional features contributing to the incident are likely to play a strong role relative to the volume of alcohol consumed. This paper compares annual alcohol consumption rates and male and female mortality rates for liver cirrhosis and 12 main accidental/violent causes of death for Canada, Finland, France, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the US between 1965 and 1987. Using filtering techniques to account for autocorrelation, conservative measures of association were developed. The results indicate that while statistically significant correlations were evident with regard to liver cirrhosis and suicide in some jurisdictions, in most instances the comparisons were not significant. Further work is suggested with regard to the following: utilizing more refined approaches to examine the covariations of casualties and alcohol consumption, and studies combining aggregate level investigations with those focusing at the group or interactional level--in particular those specifying and examining societal norms and risk-taking at the group and sub-population levels.
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PMID:Societal norms and risk-taking behaviour: inter-cultural comparisons of casualties and alcohol consumption. 835 58

The mortality of the Japanese population was examined focusing on the effect of household head occupation rather than individual occupations. The 'healthy worker effect' (HWE) which implies lower mortality observed in a working than in a non-working populations has been successively observed in comparative studies on mortality in different occupation populations. In this study we report quite similar results analysing the effect of household head occupation. We point out the possibility that HWE should have a component which is shared with the household members if the worker is a household head. We call this component the 'indirect effect'. The results obtained in this study are as follows. The employee household had the lowest mortality followed by self-employed, agriculture and 'others' households. The self-employed household also had a low standardized mortality ratio (SMR) except for diabetes in male. The SMR of the agriculture household was significantly high especially for those above 65 years of age and for suicide in both male and female of age 45 years old and over but low for cirrhosis of liver in male and tuberculosis in both male and female. The SMR of 'Others' household was the highest among the occupational type of households especially between 20-64 years. The similarity in SMR trend among male and female rather than in occupational type of household, despite the fact that males are more likely to be working than females, suggests the presence of indirect effect. Though it is difficult to distinguish direct and the indirect effects completely, we also discuss a method that enables us to distinguish the two effects more effectively.
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PMID:The effect of occupational type of household on mortality in Japan. 848 22


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