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Query: UMLS:C0023890 (cirrhosis)
 42,195 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Local alcohol ordinances were studied in the state of Tennessee where 28% of the population resides in jurisdictions that forbid the sale of alcohol to the public. Local alcohol ordinances range from "dry" (total prohibition) to "wet" (sale of alcohol permitted through both liquor stores and bars). Two alcohol-related variables (type of alcohol ordinance and number of alcohol outlets per 100,000 population) and four population variables (population size, percent change, percent residing in urban areas, percent non-White) were studied in relationship to four dependent variables (mortality rates resulting from motor vehicle crashes, liver disease and cirrhosis, suicide, and homicide). The results of the analysis suggest that these alcohol availability measures do play a role, directly and indirectly, in causing some socially deleterious behaviors and conditions. However, we would point out that the correlations between our alcohol availability measures and some of the socially injurious behaviors were very weak. The analyses reveal that complex inter-relationships exist between the variables studied such that no easy generalizations are warranted as to the social desirability of one type of alcohol ordinance policy over another since various population and demographic variables strongly interact with the alcohol availability measures in determining their social impact.
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PMID:Dry, damp, and wet: correlates and presumed consequences of local alcohol ordinances. 306 84

The greater incidence of suicide among males could be ascribed to the distinct roles still attributed to each sex. Progress towards female independence could reduce this different incidence. We analysed the following in Portugal: male and female suicide rates; profiles; and male/female suicide ratio before (1955-1969) and after the development of a movement for women's independence (1970-85). Concomitant with progress towards female independence there is a significant rise in female suicide and a decrease in male/female suicide ratio. The highest rates are among professional/technical women living in urban areas. In professional groups there is significant correlation between deaths caused by suicide and by liver cirrhosis. It is concluded that alcoholism often leads to suicide; in women, taboos about alcoholism and suicide explain a higher incidence of suicide among culturally freer professional groups; female independence will catalyse a rise in alcoholism, which together with other factors resulting from that independence will lead to a predictable increase of suicide among Portuguese women and a reduced difference in rates of suicide between the sexes.
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PMID:Female independence in Portugal: effect on suicide rates. 326 73

Standardized proportional mortality ratios (PMR) were computed for a population of highway workers. Hazards of highway maintenance work include exposure to solvents, herbicides, asphalt and welding fumes, diesel and auto exhaust, asbestos, abrasive dusts, hazardous material spills, and moving motor vehicles. Underlying cause of death was obtained for 1,570 workers who separated from the California Department of Transportation between 1970 and 1983, and who died in California between 1970 and 1983 (inclusive). Among 1,260 white males, the major findings were statistically significant excesses of cancers of digestive organs (PMR = 128), skin (PMR = 218), lymphopoietic cancer (PMR = 157), benign neoplasms (PMR = 343), motor vehicle accidents (PMR = 141), and suicide (PMR = 154). Black males (N = 66) experienced nonsignificant excesses of cancer of the digestive organs (PMR = 191) and arteriosclerotic heart disease (PMR = 143). Among 168 white females, deaths from lung cancer (PMR = 189) and suicide (PMR = 215) were elevated. White male retirees, a subgroup with 5 or more years of service, experienced excess mortality due to cancers of the colon (PMR = 245), skin (PMR = 738), brain (PMR = 556), and lymphosarcomas and reticulosarcomas (PMR = 514). Deaths from external causes (PMR = 135) and cirrhosis of the liver (PMR = 229) were elevated among white males with a last job in landscape maintenance. White males whose last job was highway maintenance experienced a deficit in mortality from circulatory diseases (PMR = 83) and excess mortality from emphysema (PMR = 250) and motor vehicle accidents (PMR = 196). Further epidemiologic and industrial hygiene studies are needed to confirm the apparent excess mortality and to quantify occupational and nonoccupational exposures. However, reduction of recognized hazards among highway maintenance workers is a prudent precautionary measure.
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PMID:Mortality among California highway workers. 335 85

In order to test the hypothesis that Roman Catholic priests are at low risk for prostatic cancer because of their celibacy, a cohort of 10,026 men who were active or retired diocesan (parish) Roman Catholic priests in the United States on January 1, 1949 were followed until death, leaving the priesthood, or January 1, 1978. The overall standardized mortality ratio (SMR) was 103 and the SMR for cancer of the prostate was 81. Other interesting findings include increased SMRs for cancer of the larynx (147), cirrhosis of the liver (147), and diabetes (182) and decreased SMRs for lung cancer (59), emphysema (26), and suicide (13).
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PMID:Retrospective cohort mortality study of Roman Catholic priests. 340 88

A retrospective mortality analysis was conducted in a cohort of 9,365 individuals employed as of 1940 in two chrome leather tanneries in the United States and followed to the end of 1982. Vital status as of the closing date was determined for over 95% of the cohort. Potential hazardous workplace exposures varied with department and included nitrosamines, chromate pigments, benzidine-based direct dyestuffs, formaldehyde, leather dust, and aromatic organic solvents. Mortality from all causes combined was lower than expected for each tannery, the standardized mortality ratio being 81 for one and 93 for the other. Deaths from cancer of each site, including the lung, were also lower than expected compared to those of either the population of the United States or of local state rates. A significant excess of deaths was observed, however, due to accidental causes in one tannery and cirrhosis of the liver, suicide, and alcoholism in the other. These excesses did not appear to be causally associated with occupational exposures. The findings of this study are consistent with those of the only other mortality investigation of leather tannery employees.
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PMID:Mortality of chrome leather tannery workers and chemical exposures in tanneries. 360 64

A proportionate mortality ratio (PMR) analysis of all deaths recorded from 1975 to 1985 among New Hampshire white male residents (age 20 years or older) was performed using death certificate information. Among automobile mechanics, the analysis revealed increases in mortality from leukemia (PMR = 178, N = 6); cancers of the oral cavity (PMR = 163, N = 4), lung (PMR = 112, N = 36), bladder (PMR = 169, N = 5), rectum (PMR = 182, N = 4), and lymphatic tissues (PMR = 200, N = 6); and cirrhosis of the liver (PMR = 140, N = 13) and suicide (PMR = 177, N = 22; p less than 0.05). Workers in the gasoline service station industry experienced a leukemia mortality excess (PMR = 328, N = 3; p less than 0.05) as well as increases in deaths from suicide (PMR = 162, N = 4), emphysema (PMR = 245, N = 4), and mental and psychoneurotic conditions (PMR = 394, N = 3). These workers are potentially exposed to a variety of substances including gasoline vapor, benzene, solvents, lubricating oils and greases, and asbestos (from brake and clutch repair) as well as welding fumes and car and truck exhaust. Despite limitations regarding the small number of deaths and methodologic constraints, the results of this analysis suggest that one or more of the exposures experienced by these workers poses a significant carcinogenic risk. More definitive epidemiologic studies are required to determine if the leukemia excess is associated with exposure to benzene, gasoline, or other workplace substances.
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PMID:Proportionate mortality ratio analysis of automobile mechanics and gasoline service station workers in New Hampshire. 361 3

To what extent, and through what mechanisms, does the deterioration of economic conditions affect the health of the population at the national level? In this paper, the author presents the results of a study of Swedish data, analyzing the post-World War II changes in mortality rates in relation to deleterious economic changes, especially unemployment, business failure rates, and declines in real per capita income. The analysis uses a version of the 'Economic Change Model of Pathology' which includes the influence of health risks related to patterns of consumption and production. It is found that economic growth plays a principal role in reducing mortality at nearly all ages, and specifically mortality due to total cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, total heart disease, ischemic heart disease, total malignancies, disorders of infancy, and motor vehicle accidents. Economic recession, by contrast, is related to increases in total mortality for virtually all age groups, in both sexes, for major causes of death and causes due to psychopathological conditions. Per capita alcohol consumption, by specific beverage, is an important risk to mortality rates in cerebrovascular disease, malignancies, cirrhosis, motor vehicle accidents, suicide, homicide, and infant diseases. Cigarette consumption rates are positively related to mortality due to cardiovascular, malignant, and infant diseases; fat consumption rates are positively related to cardiovascular and cancer mortality.
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PMID:Relation of economic change to Swedish health and social well-being, 1950-1980. 366 9

Japanese researchers have reported that recent mortality rates from diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, peptic ulcer, cirrhosis of the liver and suicide for middle-aged Japanese men have increased by comparison with those for other age groups. There has been some controversy over the etiology of this unusual trend, and in particular whether it is due primarily to recent undesirable socio-economic factors (period effects) or to factors specific to these cohorts born in the early Showa Era, around 1925 to 1940 (cohort effects). A possible source of this controversy lies in the methods which have been used to describe the trends; these are mostly descriptive and graphical. To elucidate which factors are responsible for these trends, we analysed the mortality data quantitatively applying an age-period-cohort model modified so that period effects remain constant within certain age groups but may vary from one age group to the next. Although the identifiability problem still occurs in the modified model, estimable curvature components of time effects may be used to examine these unusual trends. In fact, the peculiarity of the cohort born in the early Showa Era was clearly detected by the curvature components of cohort effects for these major diseases. These findings are consistent with the 'cohort hypothesis' for the recent peculiar trend in Japanese male mortality.
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PMID:Age, period and cohort analysis of trends in mortality from major diseases in Japan, 1955 to 1979: peculiarity of the cohort born in the early Showa Era. 368 23

The mortality pattern of Koreans living in Osaka, Japan was surveyed by comparing their age-specific and age-adjusted death rates with those among Japanese during 1973-1982. Cancer was the leading cause of death among Korean males, while cerebrovascular disease was most common among Korean females in Osaka. Mortality rates from tuberculosis, cancer, mental disorder, cerebrovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), liver cirrhosis, accidents and suicide were significantly higher for Korean males than for Japanese males. COPD, liver cirrhosis and accidents were more frequent for Korean females than for Japanese females. In cancers, liver cancer was most common among Korean males, followed by stomach and lung cancers. Stomach cancer was most frequent among Korean females, followed by uterine and liver cancers. The ratio of cancer mortality rates for Koreans and Japanese was significantly higher than 1.0 for oesophagus, liver and lung among males, and for liver among females. Koreans had considerably higher levels of liver cancer and liver cirrhosis compared with Japanese. Mortality from stomach cancer was significantly lower in both sexes among Koreans in Osaka and the reduction of this disease among Koreans in Japan occurred more rapidly than among Japanese.
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PMID:Mortality among Koreans living in Osaka, Japan, 1973-1982. 372 84

The repeated losses experienced by a clinical oncologist may constitute a significant source of personal stress. Studies documenting high stress levels on oncology services and the prevalence among physicians of alcoholism, cirrhosis, suicide, and marital discord lend urgency to the need to examine etiologic factors, clinical manifestations, and strategies for the management of job-related stress. Significant etiologic factors include death as an existential fact emphasizing our finite nature, the cumulative grief associated with repeated unresolved losses, the pressure of a health care system fueled by the medical information explosion, the inability to achieve the idealistic goals embraced by holistic medical care, stresses inherent in working as a "team," and an undermined context of meaning as an outcome of treatment failures. Clinical manifestations of stress are reviewed as an aid to early diagnosis. Strategies useful in the prevention and management of stress include the encouragement of increased awareness of stress in self and colleagues, the clarification of appropriate goals and priorities, encouragement of appropriate limit setting, the mobilization of collaborative input, the clarification of team roles and organizational patterns, the establishment of team support meetings and favorable working conditions, exercise, and the clarification and working through of previously unresolved personal psychodynamic issues. Differences between the work-related stress involved in clinical oncology as compared with hospice care are examined.
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PMID:Dealing with our losses. 372 68


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