Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0023890 (cirrhosis)
 42,195 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Heterogeneity in the clinical symptoms of alcohol abuse was examined in 243 men and 305 women from families of hospitalized alcoholics, who had demonstrated different patterns of inheritance of susceptibility to alcoholism. Discriminant analysis was utilized to identify nine alcoholic symptoms that distinguished male relatives of alcoholic men from those of alcoholic women. Inability to abstain from alcohol, fighting and reckless driving while intoxicated, and alcohol treatment other than Alcoholics Anonymous were more prevalent in families of male probands. Male relatives of female probands experienced later onset of loss of control over drinking associated with benders, and cirrhosis and feelings of guilt. Female relatives of alcoholic men and women showed a marked predominance of the latter (Type 1) features, whereas male relatives had different clinical features, depending on the associated mode of inheritance.
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PMID:Alcohol-related symptoms in heterogeneous families of hospitalized alcoholics. 306 14

Two major trends regarding alcohol use and consequences of alcohol abuse in the United States are showing significant improvement. Continued declines are evident in age-adjusted rates of liver cirrhosis mortality, and per capita alcohol consumption is at its lowest level in 15 years. Two other trends, however, are less clear. After declining in 1982 and continuing through 1984, alcohol-related morbidity--as measured by principal diagnoses listed on short-stay, community hospital discharges--showed a slight increase in 1985. Similarly, after declining every year but one since 1981, alcohol-related motor vehicle fatalities showed a significant increase in 1986. The downward trends suggest that progress is being made in efforts to reduce alcohol-related deaths and morbidity, but there are no easy explanations for any of the trends. Reductions in liver cirrhosis death rates may reflect coding changes in liver disease categories, less chronic heavy drinking, or better medical care. Lower per capita alcohol consumption may indicate the public's increased awareness of drinking risks or the aging of the U.S. population. Ironically, the recent increase in alcohol-related motor vehicle fatalities may reflect stronger enforcement of drunk driving laws and increased BAC (blood alcohol content) testing.
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PMID:Trends in alcohol-related morbidity and mortality. 314 52

The major theoretical approaches that have provided competing explanations for the distribution and nature of alcohol problems are reviewed and assessed. The sociocultural model and studies are briefly discussed with major emphasis given to the particular studies that have focused on different conceptions and dimensions of availability. Attempts to integrate the sociocultural model and the distribution of consumption model are also reviewed. A recent integrated model finds specific relationships between physical availability or the different types of outlets, with social area characteristics of different populations, and some four different alcohol problems, including cirrhosis, public drunk arrests, and misdemeanor and felony drunk driving arrests. Specific social area characteristics representing social class, minority status, and other structural features such as unemployment and women's labor force participation become implicated in alcohol problems independently of the effects of differing levels of availability. Additional related research on licensing and enforcement practices, beliefs, and attitudes of ABC personnel are also reviewed in relation to the general issue of availability. Other recent research on social and psychological dimensions of availability are also reviewed. Cross-sectional time series modeling is suggested as a technique for determining causal processes.
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PMID:The role of alcohol availability in alcohol consumption and alcohol problems. 639 May 54

Per capita consumption of alcohol rose steadily in the U.K. from 1970 to 1979, but fell by 11% between 1979 and 1982. This fall in consumption was followed by a 19% fall in first admissions for alcohol dependence, a 16% fall in drunkenness convictions, a 7% fall in drinking and driving convictions and a 4% fall in cirrhosis mortality. Between 1970 and 1982 there were highly significant (P less than 0.01) correlations between per capita consumption and convictions for drunkenness and drinking and driving, first admissions to hospital for alcohol dependence, and mortality from cirrhosis, pancreatitis and cancer of the oesophagus. These findings add weight to the argument that per capita consumption is the crucial variable determining the magnitude of the burden imposed on the community by the harmful effects of excessive drinking.
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PMID:The beneficial consequences of the United Kingdom's declining per capita consumption of alcohol in 1979-82. 653 63

In this article, as part of an evaluation of the future of medical education in California, we characterize the distribution of disease and injury in California; identify major factors that affect the epidemiology of disease and injury in California, and project the burden of disease and injury for California's population to the year 2007. Our goal is to elucidate the major causes of illness and disability at present and in the near future in order to focus state resources on the interventions likely to have the greatest impact. Data from various governmental agencies were utilized; the base year, 1993, is the most recent year with sufficient information available when this report was prepared. Several major risk factors have decreased, including smoking (30% decline from 1984 to 1993) and drinking and driving. However, hypertension prevalence has not changed, and overweight has increased dramatically. Poverty continues to burden about 15% of Californians, with poverty highest among children. During 1993, 220,271 Californians died, with 3 major causes accounting for 61% of these deaths: coronary heart disease (31%), cancer (23%), and stroke (7%). In terms of potential years of life lost (years lost before age 65), the most important causes of death in 1993 were unintentional injury (756 years lost/100,000 population), cancer (632 years), and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS; 491 years). Mortality rates were highest among blacks and lowest among Asians. Overall mortality in California has been declining for decades; in just 1 decade, from 1980 to 1991, mortality declined from 780 to 680 deaths per 100,000 population. Several major causes of death have declined, including coronary heart disease, stroke, unintentional injury, cirrhosis, and suicide, while others have increased, for example, chronic obstructive lung disease and diabetes mellitus. Death from AIDS increased dramatically in the past decade, but is leveling off, and death from cancer is beginning to decline. Rates for overall mortality and morbidity, and for most specific conditions, should continue to decline. A projected 28% population increase by 2007 will yield a corresponding increase in the absolute level of disease cases and death; a disproportionate increase in younger and older groups will yield increased conditions affecting young (unintentional injury, AIDS) and older (heart disease, cancer, stroke, diabetes mellitus) people. Californians should experience overall improved health in coming years, reaping benefits of reduced environmental and behavioral risk factors as well as improved medical treatment and rehabilitation. Coordinated strategies for health promotion, disease prevention, delivery of medical treatment, and rehabilitation are needed to maintain and improve present levels of health across the life span.
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PMID:Disease and injury in California with projections to the year 2007. Implications for medical education. 961 96

Over the past three decades, economists and others have devoted considerable effort to assessing the impact of alcoholic-beverage taxes and prices on alcohol consumption and its related adverse consequences. Federal and State excise taxes have increased only rarely and, when adjusted for inflation, have declined significantly over the years, as have overall prices for alcoholic beverages. Yet studies examining the effects of increases of monetary prices (e.g., through raising taxes) on alcohol consumption and a wide range of related behavioral and health problems have demonstrated that price increases for alcoholic beverages lead to reduced alcohol consumption, both in the general population and in certain high-risk populations, such as heavier drinkers or adolescents and young adults. These effects seem to be more pronounced in the long run than in the short run. Likewise, price increases can help reduce the risk for adverse consequences of alcohol consumption and abuse, including drinking and driving, alcohol-involved crimes, liver cirrhosis and other alcohol-related mortality, risky sexual behavior and its consequences, and poor school performance among youth. All of these findings indicate that increases in alcoholic-beverage taxes could be a highly effective option for reducing alcohol abuse and its consequences.
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PMID:The effects of prices on alcohol use and its consequences. 2233 Feb 23

This chapter reviews selected epidemiologic studies on drinking and associated problems among US ethnic minorities. Ethnic minorities and the White majority group exhibit important differences in alcohol use and related problems, including alcohol use disorders. Studies show a higher rate of binge drinking, drinking above guidelines, alcohol abuse, and dependence for major ethnic and racial groups, notably, Blacks, Hispanics, and American Indians/Alaskan Natives. Other problems with a higher prevalence in certain minority groups are, for example, cancer (Blacks), cirrhosis (Hispanics), fetal alcohol syndrome (Blacks and American Indians/Alaskan Natives), drinking and driving (Hispanics, American Indians/Alaskan Natives). There are also considerable differences in rates of drinking and problems within certain ethnic groups such as Hispanics, Asian Americans, and American Indians/Alaskan Natives. For instance, among Hispanics, Puerto Ricans and Mexican Americans drink more and have higher rates of disorders such as alcohol abuse and dependence than Cuban Americans. Disparities also affect the trajectory of heavy drinking and the course of alcohol dependence among minorities. Theoretic accounts of these disparities generally attribute them to the historic experience of discrimination and to minority socioeconomic disadvantages at individual and environmental levels.
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PMID:Epidemiology of drinking, alcohol use disorders, and related problems in US ethnic minority groups. 2530 1

Alcohol consumption is common across subpopulations in the United States. However, the health burden associated with alcohol consumption varies across groups, including those defined by demographic characteristics such as age, race/ ethnicity, and gender. Large national surveys, such as the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions and the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, found that young adults ages 18-25 were at particularly high risk of alcohol use disorder and unintentional injury caused by drinking. These surveys furthermore identified significant variability in alcohol consumption and its consequences among racial/ethnic groups. White respondents reported the highest prevalence of current alcohol consumption, whereas alcohol abuse and dependence were most prevalent among Native Americans. Native Americans and Blacks also were most vulnerable to alcohol-related health consequences. Even within ethnic groups, there was variability between and among different subpopulations. With respect to gender, men reported more alcohol consumption and binge drinking than women, especially in older cohorts. Men also were at greater risk of alcohol abuse and dependence, liver cirrhosis, homicide after alcohol consumption, and drinking and driving. Systematic identification and measurement of the variability across demographics will guide prevention and intervention efforts, as well as future research.
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PMID:Alcohol Consumption in Demographic Subpopulations: An Epidemiologic Overview. 2715 7