Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0023890 (cirrhosis)
 42,195 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

There is no comprehensive report on the burden of gastrointestinal (GI) and liver diseases in India. In this study, we estimated the age-standardized prevalence, mortality, and disability adjusted life years (DALY) rates of GI and liver diseases in India from 1990 to 2016 using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study, which systematically reviews literature and reports for international disease burden trends. Despite a decrease in the overall burden from GI infectious disorders since 1990, they still accounted for the majority of DALYs in 2016. Among noncommunicable disorders (NCDs), there were increases in the prevalence and mortality rates for pancreatitis, liver cancer, paralytic ileus and intestinal obstruction, gallbladder and biliary tract cancer, vascular intestinal disorders, colorectal cancer, and inflammatory bowel disease. Prevalence and mortality rates decreased for peptic ulcer disease, hernias, appendicitis, and stomach and esophageal cancer. For gastritis and duodenitis, cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases, and gallbladder and biliary tract diseases, there was an increase in prevalence but a decrease in mortality while the opposite was true for pancreatic cancer (decreased prevalence, increased mortality). Indian gastroenterologists and hepatologists must continue to attend to the large majority of patients with infectious diseases while also managing the increasing number of GI and liver diseases, noncommunicable nonmalignant and malignant.
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PMID:Burden of gastrointestinal and liver diseases in India, 1990-2016. 3030 42

Hepatic cirrhosis represents the most advanced stage of any chronic liver disease characterized by progressive fibrosis. We report the case of a patient with carcinoma of the uncinate process of the pancreas and an occult form of liver cirrhosis. We concluded, based on the bioclinical profile, that the jaundice syndrome had an underlying mixed mechanism, obstructive and hepatic. Although, the clinical suspicion of pancreatic cancer was backed up by ultrasound, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, we did not obtain, through these imaging investigations, any indicative features of liver cirrhosis. In order to further evaluate the presence of liver cirrhosis, we assessed liver stiffness using two non-invasive methods: Transient Elastography and Real Time Tissue Elastography (RTE). We observed highly suggestive features of liver cirrhosis only through RTE, although its diagnostic accuracy still needs large validation studies. Intraoperative assessment confirmed the diagnosis of liver cirrhosis, changing also the type of surgical approach and patient prognosis.
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PMID:The Role of Real Time Elastography in the Diagnosis of a Patient with Liver Cirrhosis and Carcinoma of the Uncinate Process of the Pancreas - Case Study. 3053 28

The human body is naturally colonized by a huge number of different commensal microbial species, in a relatively stable equilibrium. When this microbial community undergoes dysbiosis at any part of the body, it interacts with the innate immune system and results in a poor health status, locally or systemically. Research studies show that bacteria are capable of significantly influencing specific cells of the immune system, resulting in many diseases, including a neoplastic response. Amongst the multiple different types of diseases, pancreatic cancer and liver cirrhosis were significantly considered in this paper, as they are major fatal diseases. Recently, these two diseases were shown to be associated with increased or decreased numbers of certain oral bacterial species. These findings open the way for a broader perception and more specific investigative studies, to better understand the possible future treatment and prevention. This review aims to describe the correlation between oral dysbiosis and both pancreatic cancer and liver cirrhotic diseases, as well as demonstrating the possible diagnostic and treatment modalities, relying on the oral microbiota, itself, as prospective, simple, applicable non-invasive approaches to patients, by focusing on the state of the art. PubMed was electronically searched, using the following key words: "oral microbiota" and "pancreatic cancer" (PC), "liver cirrhosis", "systemic involvement", and "inflammatory mediators". Oral dysbiosis is a common problem related to poor oral or systemic health conditions. Oral pathogens can disseminate to distant body organs via the local, oral blood circulation, or pass through the gastrointestinal tract and enter into the systemic circulation. Once oral pathogens reach an organ, they modify the immune response and stimulate the release of the inflammatory mediators, this results in a disease. Recent studies have reported a correlation between oral dysbiosis and the increased risk of pancreatic and liver diseases and provided evidence of the presence of oral pathogens in diseased organs. The profound impact that microbial communities have on human health, provides a wide domain towards precisely investigating and clearly understanding the mechanism of many diseases, including cancer. Oral microbiota is an essential contributor to health status and imbalance in this community was correlated to oral and systemic diseases. The presence of elevated numbers of certain oral bacteria, particularly P. gingivalis, as well as elevated levels of blood serum antibodies, against this bacterial species, was associated with a higher risk of pancreatic cancer and liver cirrhosis incidence. Attempts are increasingly directed towards investigating the composition of oral microbiome as a simple diagnostic approach in multiple diseases, including pancreatic and liver pathosis. Moreover, treatment efforts are concerned in the recruitment of microbiota, for remedial purposes of the aforementioned and other different diseases. Further investigation is required to confirm and clarify the role of oral microbiota in enhancing pancreatic and liver diseases. Improving the treatment modalities requires an exertion of more effort, especially, concerning the microbiome engineering and oral microbiota transplantation.
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PMID:Oral Dysbiosis in Pancreatic Cancer and Liver Cirrhosis: A Review of the Literature. 3054 74

Cancer cells surviving in ascites exhibit cancer stem cell (CSC)-like features. This study analyzed the expression of the CSC marker CD133 in the ascites-derived exosomes obtained from patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer. In addition, inverse correlation of CD133 expression with prognosis was examined. Of the 133 consecutive patients, 19 patients were enrolled in the study. Exosomes derived from the malignant ascites demonstrated higher density and wider variation in size than those from non-malignant ascites. Western blot revealed enhanced expression of CD133 in exosomes obtained from patients with pancreatic cancer compared to those obtained from patients with gastric cancer or liver cirrhosis. A xenograft mouse model with malignant ascites was established by intraperitoneal inoculation of human pancreatic cancer cells in nude mice. Results obtained from the human study were reproduced in the mouse model. Statistically significant equilateral correlation was identified between the band intensity of CD133 in western blot and overall survival of patients. Lectin microarray analyses revealed glycosylation of CD133 by sialic acids as the major glycosylation among diverse others responsible for the glycosylation of exosomal CD133. These findings suggest that highly glycosylated CD133 in ascites-derived exosomes as a potential biomarker for better prognosis of patients with advanced pancreatic cancer.
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PMID:Glycosylation of ascites-derived exosomal CD133: a potential prognostic biomarker in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. 3080 10

Carbohydrate antigen 50 (CA50) is initially reported as a cancer-specific antigen expressed on the surface of human colorectal Colo-205 cancer cells. Subsequently, increased serum CA50 levels are observed in patients not only with colorectal cancers but also other types of cancers. Eventually, serum CA50 is measured clinically as a cancer biomarker. However, serum CA50 level does not always increase in cancer patients but does increase in patients suffering from nonneoplasm diseases, which indicates that serum CA50 is not produced by cancer cells exclusively. Therefore, the serum CA50 levels in patients suffering different types of diseases should be systematically compared in order to comprehend the molecular nature of serum CA50 as a biomarker. In our current study, we measured and analyzed serum CA50 levels from 2113 patients with 14 clinically defined diseases with at least 30 independent tests for each disease in addition to 13,997 serum samples from individuals who attend their annual physical examination as healthy controls. Based on the mean, median, and -Log10p values, we found that patients suffering from pancreatic cancer, cirrhosis, pancreatitis, lung cancer, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and colon cancer had highest levels of serum CA50 while patients suffering from coronary heart disease, gastric cancer, and rectum cancer showed comparable serum CA50 levels to that of healthy controls. Moreover, patients with osteoporosis, anemia, or gastritis had lower serum CA50 levels than that of healthy controls. Furthermore, healthy individuals older than 65 years old had increased serum CA50 levels compared with that of healthy controls. Taken together, these data suggest that serum CA50 is likely to be a system malfunction biomarker, and the serum CA50 levels could be used as diagnostic biomarkers not only for cancers but also for other nonneoplasm diseases.
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PMID:Serum CA50 levels in patients with cancers and other diseases. 3090 49

CA125 is a heavily glycosylated protein and was first identified as an ovarian cancer antigen in 1981 that is recognized by a monoclonal antibody generated by the hybridoma technique. The increased serum CA125 levels detected by the monoclonal antibodies were subsequently developed into a diagnostic or prognostic biomarker for ovarian cancer. Generally, the cutoff value of serum CA125 level is 35U/mL to indicate potential cancer risk. However, the specificity and sensitivity of CA125 are not satisfactory in clinical applications, especially for early diagnosis of ovarian cancer. Moreover, elevated serum CA125 levels have been observed in a variety of cancer and noncancer diseases. In the current study, a total of 41,830 clinical lab test results of serum CA125 levels from healthy individuals and patients with 40 different types of diseases during the past 5 years were retrieved and analyzed. We found that the median values of serum CA125 levels were higher in patients with cirrhosis (52.34U/mL), lung fibrosis (52.04U/mL), nephrotic syndrome (31.24U/mL), and pancreatic cancer (27.06U/mL) than that in ovarian cancer patients (18.61U/mL) with statistical significance (Mann-Whitney test, p<0.0001). Moreover, healthy individuals >65 years old and patients suffering rectal cancer, cerebrovascular disease, and gastritis had significantly low serum CA125 levels compared to that of the healthy individuals. Thus, serum CA125 levels were either increased or decreased in both cancer and noncancer diseases. Based on these data and the accumulating evidence, we proposed that the abnormal serum CA125 levels might be associated with pathological changes in different organs and tissues induced by specific disease.
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PMID:Serum CA125 levels are decreased in rectal cancer but increased in fibrosis-associated diseases and in most types of cancers. 3090 53

CA199 is a sialic acid containing glycan antigen found in both glycoproteins and glycolipids, which is recognized by monoclonal antibodies generated by hybridoma technology. The increased serum CA199 levels measured by using the monoclonal antibodies have been used as diagnostic or prognostic biomarker for pancreatic cancer. Even though increased serum CA199 levels are also observed in other cancers and noncancer diseases, it is largely unknown if CA199 levels could serve as biomarkers for other diseases as well. Therefore, in our current study, serum CA199 levels from 45,645 patients with 47 clinically defined diseases and 14,783 healthy controls who attended their annual physical examination were collected and measured by the clinical laboratory in the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University over the past 5 years. Based on the median, mean, and -Log10p values, we found that patients with pancreatic cancer, lung fibrosis, cirrhosis, liver cancer, hepatitis, and pancreatitis had the highest media and mean serum CA199 levels with statistical significance based on the -Log10p values. Unexpectedly, patients suffering from gout and anemia had significantly low CA199 levels compared to that of the healthy controls. These results showed that serum CA199 levels are not only increased in pancreatic and other cancer patients but also either increased or decreased in noncancer diseases. The overall data indicated that the abnormal serum CA199 level might be an indicator of system malfunction rather than a cancer biomarker in general.
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PMID:Serum CA199 levels are significantly increased in patients suffering from liver, lung, and other diseases. 3090 55

Most of proteins in human blood circulation are glycoproteins with one or more covalently linked N- or O-linked glycans. Sialic acid (SA) generally occurs as the terminal monosaccharide on the glycans. SA in glycoproteins modulates a wide range of physiological and pathological processes and has been routinely measured in hospital since 1950s. Increased serum SA levels have been associated with different types of cancers. However, a systematic comparison of the serum SA levels in different types of human diseases has not been reported. In current study, 160,537 clinical lab test results of serum SA levels from healthy individuals and patients with 64 different types of diseases during the past 5 years in our hospital were retrieved and analyzed. Based on the mean (SD), median, and p (-Log10p) values, we found that patients suffering 55 different types of cancer and noncancer diseases such as sepsis, pancreatitis, bone cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, pancreatic cancer, and encephalitis had significantly (p<0.05, -Log10p>1.30) increased median serum SA levels whereas patients suffering hepatic encephalopathy, cirrhosis, renal cyst, and hepatitis had significantly decreased median serum SA levels compared to that of healthy controls. Moreover, the greatest increase in the mean (SD) and -Log10p values was observed in sepsis and pancreatitis, respectively, but not in cancers. Thus, the regulations of serum SA levels were much more complicated than previously assumed. Understanding the molecular mechanisms behind these observations would make serum SA a useful biomarker to facilitate personalized diagnosis and treatment for patients with different diseases.
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PMID:The serum SA levels are significantly increased in sepsis but decreased in cirrhosis. 3090 61

Primary liver cancer is difficult to diagnose accurately at death, due to metastases from nearby organs and to concomitant diseases, such as chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. Trends in diagnostic accuracy could affect radiation risk estimates for incident liver cancer by altering background rates or by impacting risk modification by sex and age. We quantified the potential impact of death-certificate inaccuracies on radiation risk estimates for liver cancer in the Life Span Study of atomic bomb survivors. True-positive and false-negative rates were obtained from a previous study that compared death-certificate causes of death with those based on pathological review, from 1958 to 1987. We assumed various scenarios for misclassification rates after 1987. We obtained estimated true positives and estimated false negatives by stratified sampling from binomial distributions with probabilities given by the true-positive and false-negative rates, respectively. Poisson regression methods were applied to highly stratified person-year tables of corrected case counts and accrued person years. During the study period (1958-2009), there were 1,885 cases of liver cancer, which included 383 death-certificate-only (DCO) cases; 1,283 cases with chronic liver disease as the underlying cause of death; and 150 DCO cases of pancreatic cancer among 105,444 study participants. Across the range of scenarios considered, radiation risk estimates based on corrected case counts were attenuated, on average, by 13-30%. Our results indicated that radiation risk estimates for liver cancer were potentially sensitive to death-certificate inaccuracies. Additional data are needed to inform misclassification rates in recent years.
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PMID:Misclassification of primary liver cancer in the Life Span Study of atomic bomb survivors. 3198 32

Muscle wasting represents a constant pathological feature of common chronic gastrointestinal diseases, including liver cirrhosis (LC), inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), chronic pancreatitis (CP) and pancreatic cancer (PC), and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Recent clinical and experimental studies point to the existence of a gut-skeletal muscle axis that is constituted by specific gut-derived mediators which activate pro- and anti-sarcopenic signalling pathways in skeletal muscle cells. A pathophysiological link between both organs is also provided by low-grade systemic inflammation. Animal models of LC, IBD, CP and PC represent an important resource for mechanistic and preclinical studies on disease-associated muscle wasting. They are also required to test and validate specific anti-sarcopenic therapies prior to clinical application. In this article, we review frequently used rodent models of muscle wasting in the context of chronic gastrointestinal diseases, survey their specific advantages and limitations and discuss possibilities for further research activities in the field. We conclude that animal models of LC-, IBD- and PC-associated sarcopenia are an essential supplement to clinical studies because they may provide additional mechanistic insights and help to identify molecular targets for therapeutic interventions in humans.
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PMID:Preclinical insights into the gut-skeletal muscle axis in chronic gastrointestinal diseases. 3262 12


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