Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0023890 (cirrhosis)
 42,195 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Since ethanol metabolism predominantly takes place in the liver it is not surprising that hepatic intermediary metabolism is strikingly influenced. Alcohol is metabolized via three enzyme systems: alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), microsome ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) and catalase. The ADH reaction produces reducing equivalents as NADH which results in various metabolic disorders such as hyperproteinemia IV and V, hypoglycaemia, lactacidosis, hyperuricaemia, and certain forms of porphyria. The metabolism of hormones is also disturbed. Alcohol fatty liver is a direct consequence of NADH production. Alcoholic liver disease comprises of fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis. Risk factors of alcoholic liver disease are the amount of alcohol consumed, drinking pattern, female gender and certain genetic predispositions. Alcoholic hepatitis is characterized by a typical clinical and laboratory feature, and specific heaptic morphology. Poor prognostic factors are continuous alcohol consumption, cholestatis and perivenular fibrosis. Alcoholic cirrhosis has similar complications as cirrhosis of other etiology. Therapy includes abstinence, antioxidative drugs, steroids, and S-adenosylmethionine. Liver transplantation is of long-term benefit.
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PMID:[Alcohol and the liver]. 1080 81

Sodium disorders (ie, hyponatremia, hypernatremia) are common electrolyte disturbances in clinical medicine and are associated with increased rates of morbidity and mortality. Etiologies of hyponatremia are classified into four categories. The first is pseudohyponatremia, in which the sodium level is low due to hyperproteinemia, hyperlipidemia, or hyperglycemia. The other three categories are based on overall patient fluid status and include hypovolemic (commonly due to fluid loss), hypervolemic (commonly due to fluid retention from heart failure, cirrhosis, or renal failure), and euvolemic (most often because of syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone). Hypovolemic hyponatremia is managed by rehydration with isotonic saline. Hypervolemic hyponatremia is managed by addressing the underlying cause. Euvolemic hyponatremia is managed by restricting free water intake, addressing the underlying cause, and occasionally with drugs (eg, vasopressin receptor antagonists). Patients with severe or acutely symptomatic hyponatremia (eg, altered mental status, seizures), including those with acute symptomatic exercise-induced hyponatremia, require urgent treatment. This should consist of hypertonic saline administration along with monitoring of sodium levels to avoid overly rapid correction. Hypernatremia most often occurs because of water loss or inadequate water intake. Depending on severity, management involves oral or intravenous hypotonic fluids and addressing the underlying cause.
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PMID:Electrolytes: Sodium Disorders. 2880 46