Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0023890 (cirrhosis)
 42,195 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The aim of this study is to determine whether staff attitudes towards patients are affected by staff causal attributions. Forty-eight nurses and doctors were presented with five case histories of patients suffering from lung cancer, liver cirrhosis myocardial infarction, breast lump and cervical cancer. There were two versions of each case: one patient had followed and the other had ignored a relevant health action (e.g. not smoking in the lung cancer patients). Subjects responded to just one version of each case. For all five conditions, staff had significantly more negative attitudes towards patients who had not undertaken a relevant health behaviour compared with patients who had undertaken a relevant health behaviour. A second group of nurses rated it as more likely that this latter group of patients could have prevented their illnesses. The results suggest that information about a patient's health habits prior to illness influence staff attitudes to that patient. Evidence is presented suggesting that the effect of this information is mediated by perceived controllability of the illness, as predicted by an attributional model of helping behaviour.
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PMID:Staff attitudes towards patients: the influence of causal attributions for illness. 155 13

The main risk factors for oesophageal cancer previously identified in western Europe are tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking. However, a study of the time trend from 1951 to 1985 of the mortality from oesophageal cancer in 17 European countries shows that, except among the younger age groups in men, oesophageal cancer had either decreased or increased only slightly in most countries. This trend differed from that of lung cancer, cirrhosis and alcohol consumption which had in general increased substantially during the period. The results strongly suggest that population-wide changes in certain undetermined risk/protective factor(s), one possibility of which is the consumption of fruit, had overridden the effect of tobacco and alcohol and resulted in a reduction of oesophageal cancer risk. Apart from further efforts to reduce smoking and drinking, studies to identify the factor(s) will be of great public health importance to the prevention of oesophageal cancer.
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PMID:Oesophageal cancer mortality in Europe: paradoxical time trend in relation to smoking and drinking. 156 71

Of 446 deaths among serving and retired British Airways pilots between 1966 and 1989, 411 were analysed using the Proportional Mortality Ratio (PMR) technique. After removal of the predictable excess of aircraft accidents, excesses of cancer (PMR 1.31) and other accidents (1.60) were balanced by deficits in diseases of the circulatory (0.83) and respiratory (0.49) systems. While lung cancer was close to expectation (1.10), consistent excesses were shown in all analyses for malignant melanoma (6.68), cirrhosis of the liver (2.88), colon cancer (2.30) and brain/CNS cancer (2.68). Consideration of these ratios in relation to pilots' lifestyle and occupation leads to the conclusion that the brain/CNS cancer excess must be studied further.
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PMID:The mortality of British Airways pilots, 1966-1989: a proportional mortality study. 161 Mar 37

Experimental and epidemiological studies of risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): cirrhosis, male sex, oral contraceptives, alcohol, smoking, and aflatoxins, are evaluated, with meta-analysis for oral contraceptives, alcohol, and smoking. It is likely that an initiating event and one or more promoting events interact, probably with prolonged inflammation, necrosis and regeneration, to cause cancer in several types of cirrhosis. Over 90% of HCC patients have cirrhosis, usually from hepatitis B virus. The viral post-necrotic liver is often chronically dysplastic, but other types of cirrhosis are associated with HCC if they endure long enough. The proportion of men with HCC increases as hepatitis progressors to cirrhosis and then to HCC. Meta-analyses of 3 oral contraceptive studies resulted in a risk of 2.8 for 8 years of use, but 9.9 for 8 years. Population studies do not show any concentration of HCC in countries with high pill use, so the rarity of this cancer may have biased the results. Large epidemiologic studies are needed to refine risk estimates for oral contraceptives and HCC. Alcohol abuse of 80 g/day gives a risk of about 1.65 in pooled studies, compared to a risk of 1.1 for 80 g/day. Smoking gives a risk of 1.9, but there is no evidence for a secular trend by country in proportion to dose, as is evident for lung cancer. There is good experimental evidence that aflatoxin acts as an initiator for liver cancer, but there is not practical way to judge exposure for clinical studies.
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PMID:Hepatocellular carcinoma: risk factors other than HBV. 166 Mar 33

We produced monoclonal antibodies (mABs) against human integrins. Competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) revealed that each mAB bound to different antigenic determinants. We then developed sandwich-type enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) to measure the concentration of fibronectin receptor (FNR) and vitronectin receptor (VNR). Serum immunoreactive integrin levels were measured using these EIAs in various liver and malignant diseases. In almost all cases of liver cirrhosis (LC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), serum integrin levels were significantly elevated, but were in the normal range in gastric, colon, lung cancer, and acute hepatitis (AH). The correlation between serum FNR and VNR levels was statistically significant in all cases of liver disease, and no correlation was observed between these integrin levels and conventional biochemical markers such as AST, ALT, and GGT. The serum integrin levels were demonstrated to be a potential diagnostic marker for hepatic fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis, and these sandwich EIAs could be useful for determination of these integrins in clinical laboratory tests.
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PMID:Sandwich enzyme immunoassay for serum integrins using monoclonal antibodies. 172 78

In 1901, 20% of autopsied subjects in Trieste were under the age of 30 and 28.8% were over 70. By 1985, only 0.2% were under 30 years of age and 74.5% over 70. An analysis of autopsy reports for 1901 reveals that the primary causes of death at that time were tuberculosis (22.4%), acute pulmonary infections (13.7%) and malignant neoplasms (10.6%). Other pathological conditions found at autopsy were infectious lesions (10.4%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (10.2%), arteriosclerosis (only 6.4%), syphilis (4.7%), nutritional deficiency (4.7%), cirrhosis of the liver (4.6%) and acute infections (1.1%). Overall, infectious diseases accounted for 55% of deaths in 1901. In 1985, the cause of death was infection in only 3.7% of cases. During the period analysed, the percentage of deaths from cancer tripled and mean length of survival increased by more than 20 years. In 1901, the neoplasms found most frequently were gastric cancer in males (17.9%) and cancers of the uterus and ovary in females (both 13%). Lung cancer accounted for 7.7% of all deaths from malignant neoplasms in males, and breast cancer for 10.8% of such deaths among females. By 1985, lung cancer accounted for 32.4% of deaths from malignant neoplasms among males and breast cancer for 18% among females. Between 1901 and 1985, there were highly significant increases in the numbers of deaths due to arteriosclerosis and to malignant neoplasms in people of each sex.
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PMID:Changes in underlying causes of death during 85 years of autopsy practice in Trieste. 185 46

The health status description refers to 7 countries of southern Europe, i.e. Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Malta, Yugoslavia and Greece, and is mainly derived from official mortality data. In general the health status of southern European countries, as related to the adult population, seems satisfactory and improving along the last 10-15 years in spite of the adverse trends of some diseases. As compared to central, northern and eastern European countries, the southern ones enjoy relatively low mortality and morbidity rates from coronary heart disease and cardiovascular diseases in general, from lung cancer, from large bowel cancer and all-causes mortality, whereas they suffer from strokes and liver cirrhosis at relatively high rates. An exception is made by Yugoslavia where trends in death rates from cardiovascular diseases and all-causes mortality are definitely increasing like it has happened in eastern Europe during the last 20 years. Data from official mortality records are supported by information on incidence, mortality and risk factor distribution derived from population studies like the Seven Countries Study, the Erica and the Monica Project.
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PMID:Food patterns and health problems: health in southern Europe. 188 30

Sixteen patients with massive bowel resection receiving long-term home total parenteral nutrition (HTPN) for 31 to 145 months were reviewed for evidence of liver disease. Patients were divided into three groups: group 1 with duodenocolostomy (n = 3), group 2 with an estimated 15-43 cm residual small bowel (n = 7), and group 3 with an estimated 55-120 cm residual small bowel (n = 6). Two patients in group 1 developed liver cirrhosis; one was diabetic and died of sepsis and liver failure at the 88th month on HTPN; the other died of lung cancer at the 46th month on HTPN. The third patient, followed for 33 months, had transient severe liver function abnormalities associated with a blood transfusion. In groups 2 and 3, only one patient (with a history of probable liver disease before HTPN) developed biopsy-proven cirrhosis at the 60th month of HTPN. All four patients with clinically apparent liver disease developed persistent elevation of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) early in HTPN. Four other patients (all in group 3) with abnormal AST values in the early phase of HTPN normalized them later; they did not develop clinical liver disease over a mean follow-up time of 110 months (range, 39-152). None of the remaining eight patients (seven in group 2 and one in group 3) had significant liver function test abnormalities and none developed clinical liver disease over a mean follow-up period of 72 months (range, 39-120).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Liver dysfunction associated with long-term total parenteral nutrition in patients with massive bowel resection. 190 76

This study was conducted to investigate the adverse health effects of exposure to bitumen fumes. A cohort of 679 mastic asphalt workers was followed from 1959 to 10 June 1986, during this period 169 deaths occurred. The overall standardized mortality ratio (SMR) was 163 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 141-190), the SMR was 225 (95% CI 172-288) for cancer and 223 (95% CI 130-358) for external causes. Among persons aged 40 to 89 years, significant increases were seen for lung cancer (SMR 290, 95% CI 188-429), nonpulmonary cancer (SMR 200, 95% CI 141-276), and liver cirrhosis (SMR 467, 95% CI 188-962). Bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma also occurred in excess (SMR 207, 95% CI 95-393). In conclusion, the inhalation of bitumen fumes may have contributed to the elevated mortality from cancer and respiratory diseases among mastic asphalt workers.
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PMID:Mortality of mastic asphalt workers. 160 75

We conducted a follow-up study to evaluate mortality among 14,861 workers employed in five facilities producing or using phenol and formaldehyde. More than 360,000 person-years of follow-up accrued. Mortality rates from all causes of death combined were similar to those in the general U.S. population. We observed excesses of cancer of the esophagus, cancer of the kidney, and Hodgkin's disease among workers exposed to phenol, but none of these excesses showed a dose-response relation with exposure to phenol. Excess lung cancer mortality (SMR = 1.2) showed no consistent pattern by any exposure index. Workers exposed to phenol had lower mortality ratios for cancer of the buccal cavity and pharynx, cancer of the stomach, cancer of the brain, arteriosclerotic heart disease, emphysema, disease of the digestive system, and cirrhosis of the liver. Of these, arteriosclerotic heart disease, emphysema, and cirrhosis of the liver were inversely related to duration of phenol exposure and to cumulative phenol exposure levels. Although these inverse associations may be due to chance or uncontrolled confounders, the ability of phenol to interfere with the generation of oxidants in experimental systems suggests that the pattern may have biologic plausibility.
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PMID:Mortality among industrial workers exposed to phenol. 205


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