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Query: UMLS:C0023890 (cirrhosis)
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Causes of deaths in immigrants to England and Wales from the Indian subcontinent were assessed by ethnic subgroup. Observed and expected deaths for 1975-7 were aggregated to calculate proportional mortality ratios. Observed mortality due to infective and parasitic diseases, endocrine diseases (notably diabetes), diseases of the circulatory system (notably ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease, in males), and diseases of the digestive system (notably cirrhosis of the liver) exceeded expected mortality. Fewer than expected deaths were due to malignant neoplasms (notably lung cancer and chronic bronchitis); proportional mortality ratios for cancer were lower for Hindu groups than for Moslems and were lowest for Punjabis. Mortality due to ischaemic heart disease, high in all groups, was highest in Moslems. Significantly more Punjabi males died from cerebrovascular disease and cirrhosis of the liver. Diabetes was commonest among Gujaratis. The variation seen in the patterns of mortality in the different ethnic groups indicates the need for further epidemiological and health service research centred on these communities.
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PMID:Patterns of mortality among migrants to England and Wales from the Indian subcontinent. 643 78

Mortality among employees of selected enterprises in which excellent health care programmes are carried on, was observed to evaluate employees' health levels and to establish objectives for future health care programmes. Also, these data were compared with those for all Japanese and for Japanese employees belonging to the corresponding occupational groups. Seventy-three enterprises which continuously participated in the mortality survey implemented by the Japan Research Organization of Industrial Health Care for the period between 1976 and 1980, were subjected to this study. The observed employees amounted to 3,502,580 person-years. Sex and age distributions of the employees were available for 47 enterprises and the observed employees totalled 2,598,672 person-years. The main results are as follows: Mortality rate (per 100,000) is stable between 140 and 150 throughout the observed period and the average value is 145.0. The average mortality rate for males, aged 40 to 54, is 272.6. Malignant neoplasms were the main cause of death and account for 37-38%. In second place and below are heart diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, accidents, suicide and liver cirrhosis. Malignant neoplasms, especially of the stomach, lung and pancreas, show a trend to increase, and cerebrovascular diseases and liver cirrhosis show a trend to decrease. Among heart diseases, ischemic heart disease accounts for about 40% and shows no marked fluctuation. Among cerebrovascular diseases, the relative frequency of subarachnoid hemorrhage is increasing. Comparing the mortality rates for males aged 40 to 54 by industry, "Iron, steel & nonferrous metal manufacturing" and "Electricity and gas supply" show significantly higher values, and "Finance & insurance" and "Communications" show significantly lower values than the total. The distribution of main causes of death for males, aged 40 to 54, was compared by major occupational groups using Proportional Mortality Ratio (PMR). A significantly high frequency of malignant neoplasms (especially of the stomach) is observed for "Professional & technical workers, managers and officials" and that of suicide for "Craftmen, production process workers and labourers" and that of cerebrovascular diseases (especially cerebral hemorrhage) for "Protective service workers." Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR) for males, aged 20 to 54, from all causes of death, calculated on the basis of all Japanese males in 1978 is 0.57. SMR for this population from malignant neoplasms is 0.89.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Observations on mortality in selected working populations]. 653 Aug 14

The health of Whites in South Africa in 1970 was poorer than that of the population of England and Wales, judged by the higher mortality rates (MRs) for all causes of death of White South Africans, for all ages combined and for every age interval from infancy to old age. Two groups of causes of disease were the main reasons for the poorer health of White South Africans: (i) 'diseases of the circulatory system' accounted for 50-60% of the higher MRs for all causes of death; ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease were the two main causes of circulatory deaths, and MRs for these two diseases were much higher in White South Africans than in England and Wales; (ii) 'accidents, poisonings and violence' accounted for 38% of the higher MRs for all causes of death in males and for 17% of those in females. Motor vehicle accidents and suicide were the main causes of accidental deaths, MRs of White South Africans being much higher than those in England and Wales. These MRs were among the highest in the world. Other diseases which contributed, to a small extent, to the poorer health of White South Africans because of the higher MRs compared with those in England and Wales were cirrhosis of the liver in adults, gastro-enteritis, meningitis and septicaemia in infants and children, and 'other ill-defined and unknown causes of death' in elderly people.
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PMID:A comparison of the mortality rates of white South Africans with those of the population of England and Wales. 740 6

The authors have performed 631 urgent suprapubic transvesical adenomectomies in patients with prostate adenoma complicated by acute urine retention or hemorrhage. Prearranged and urgent interventions had, by the authors' experience, virtually the same rate of postoperative complications and lethal outcomes. The risk in urgent adenomectomy performed in 294 patients was attributed to their concurrent affections: postinfarction cardiosclerosis, myocardial ischemia or hypertensive crisis, hemiparesis after brain apoplexy, bronchial asthma, diabetes mellitus, hepatic cirrhosis, chronic lymphoid leukemia, drug polyallergy, multiple tumors of the urinary bladder, stomach, etc., in stage T1-3NOMO. 80 patients had intermittent chronic renal failure. In compensation of severe concurrent diseases and satisfactory condition of the patients urgent adenomectomy was conducted within 24 hours since hospitalization. Longer interval (within 24-72 hours) was necessary in subcompensation of the concurrent diseases, intermittent chronic renal failure which were intensively treated. The authors achieved uneventful postoperative course for 272 (92.5%) high-risk patients. Postoperative lethality made up 3.06%. According to 1-11-year follow-up 7 patients died, for the most part of blood and respiratory diseases. Functional long-term outcomes were good in 83.5% of the patients. Basing on their experience, the authors specify indications to urgent adenomectomy and optimal time of its conduction. Contraindications to urgent adenomectomy were revised and narrowed.
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PMID:[The indications and contraindications for emergency adenomectomy in patients with severe concomitant diseases]. 753 45

Whereas some arguments can be advanced suggesting that the life expectancy in east Germany should have declined directly after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, other arguments suggest an increase. The aim of this study was to identify the actual developments and to explain the findings. Census data and mortality statistics from East and West Germany before unification were used to calculate standardized mortality ratios and life expectancies for various population groups. The differences in life expectancy between East and West were broken down according to age groups. The main finding was that the life expectancy of east German men declined in 1990 by 0.9 years, and only reached the 1989 level again in 1992. This was due solely to an increase in mortality for men under the age of 65. In 1990 and 1991, there were 3,400 more deaths among men under the age of 65 than would have been expected on the basis of the mortality rates of 1989. In contrast, the life expectancy of women hardly declined at all in 1990, and in 1992 it was already one year more than for 1989. The most important reasons for the increased numbers of deaths of men under the age of 45 were motor vehicle accidents, whereas ischaemic heart disease and cirrhosis of the liver were more significant for men between the ages of 45 and 65. Suicides did not increase after the fall of the Berlin Wall. It could be shown that the findings were not the results of artifacts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Changes in life expectancy and mortality in East Germany after reunification (1989-1992)]. 754 39

The association of serum levels of gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) with cardiovascular disease risk factors, and with mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and non-cardiovascular diseases, has been examined in a prospective study of 7,613 middle-aged British men followed for 11.5 years. GGT levels were strongly associated with all-cause mortality, largely due to a significant increase in deaths from ischemic heart disease and other non-cardiovascular disease causes, i.e., non-cancer deaths, in the top quintile of the GGT distribution. No association was seen with cancer mortality. However, GGT was significantly (positively) associated with alcohol intake, body mass index, smoking, preexisting ischemic heart disease, diabetes mellitus, antihypertensive medication, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, total and high density lipoprotein cholesterol, heart rate, and blood glucose, and negatively associated with physical activity and lung function (forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)). After adjustment for these personal characteristics and biologic variables, elevated GGT (highest quintile > or = 24 unit/liter vs. the rest) was still associated with a significant increase in mortality from all causes (relative risk (RR) = 1.22, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01-1.42; n = 818 deaths) and from ischemic heart disease (RR = 1.42, 95% CI 1.12-1.80; n = 332 deaths). The increase in other non-cardiovascular disease causes was of marginal significance (RR = 1.45, 95% CI 0.95-2.20; n = 127 deaths). When examined separately by the presence or absence of preexisting ischemic heart disease, the increased risk of ischemic heart disease mortality was more marked in those with evidence of ischemic heart disease at screening, particularly in those with previous myocardial infarction (RR = 1.67, 95% CI 1.03-2.69; n = 84 deaths). The increased risk of other non-cardiovascular disease deaths was only seen in men without preexisting ischemic heart disease, largely due to an excess of hepatic cirrhosis. In summary, many factors other than alcohol intake are associated with increased levels of GGT, in particular body mass index, diabetes mellitus, and serum total cholesterol. The finding of increased risk of ischemic heart disease mortality seen in men with preexisting ischemic heart disease is related to the severity of the underlying myocardial damage. The biologic significance of raised GGT in men with preexisting ischemic heart disease merits further study.
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PMID:Gamma-glutamyltransferase: determinants and association with mortality from ischemic heart disease and all causes. 757 39

The life expectancy of men varies at present in the posttotalitarian central and eastern European countries round 67 years; on the territory of the former USSR it is cca 64 years, in western and northern Europe 72-75 years. Linear extrapolation of these data to 2000 indicates that at the beginning of the next century the life expectancy of men in western Europe will vary round 76 years, while in the posttotalitarian countries it will remain at the same low level. In western Europe there is a steady decline of early deaths of men due to cardiovascular diseases (ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular diseases), diseases of the respiratory, digestive, nervous, urogenital system. The mortality caused by neoplasms, however, remains at a constant level. This is the reason why after 2000 the structure of mortality will change substantially: the cause of premature death of every other man in western Europe will be neoplasms. In the posttotalitarian part of Europe since 1970 early deaths of men due to cardiovascular diseases, neoplasms (mainly lung cancer), diseases of the digestive and nervous system and cirrhosis of the liver are rising steadily. It is probable that in this part of Europe also after 2000 the main cause of death will be cardiovascular and neoplastic diseases which together will account for 60-70% of early deaths of men and for their short life expectancy.
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PMID:[Health status in Europe and projections to the year 2000. 1. The male population]. 775 85

As reported previously, we have conducted studies on causes of death among diabetic patients during the 25-year period, from 1960 to 1984, in Osaka District, Japan. We have now added the most recent 5-year data, for 1985-1989, and analyzed changes in causes of death during the entire 30-year period as a whole. The subjects studied were those for whom a total of 32,222 death certificates had been filed in Osaka Prefecture, from 1960 to 1989, with diabetes mentioned either as the underlying cause or as a contributory condition. The relative number of death certificates mentioning diabetes as the underlying cause, which had been decreasing during the 25-year study period, showed a further decrease, reaching the lowest value, 33.4%, for the period 1985-1989. The mean age at death exceeded 70 years for all causes of death, showing a continuous increasing trend. An increase in disease of the heart and a decrease in cerebrovascular disease were observed, making the difference between the two causes greater since 1980-1984. Malignant neoplasms, ischemic heart disease, and pneumonia and bronchitis also showed steady increases. The O/E ratios (ratio of observed/expected number of deaths) for cirrhosis of the liver and tuberculosis were markedly increased, while that for malignant neoplasms was only about 0.5, suggesting extreme underestimation of the number of diabetic cases with cancer. Among malignant neoplasms, an increasing trend in liver cancer was remarkable and was associated with a relatively high O/E ratio.
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PMID:Changes in causes of death in diabetic patients based on death certificates during a 30-year period in Osaka District, Japan, with special reference to cancer mortality. 795 7

A retrospective cohort study was performed to analyze the mortality patterns of Danish merchant seamen in the period 1970-1985. The population census in 1970 in Denmark was the source of information on individual occupation, age, and marital status. All men aged 20-64 years and economically active in 1970 were included. Computerized linkage with the Danish Mortality Register gave information about the deceased persons' date and cause of death. An increased overall mortality among all groups of seamen was found, being highest for deck and engine crew members. The overall mortality was strongly dependent on age and marital status. The highest mortality rate ratios (MRR) were found among young seamen and unmarried seamen. MRRs of 1.90 and 2.47 for cancer of the respiratory system were found among engine officers and crew. The MRRs for accidents and suicide were increased for all seamen, and were highest for crew members, among whom the MRR from accidents was stable within age groups but fell for suicide with increasing age. The same pattern was found with cirrhosis of the liver, although this was positively associated with increasing age. Excess mortality from ischemic heart disease was only found among engine crew (MRR = 1.43). This study confirms earlier findings of high mortality among seafarers. Negative selection into the occupation, occupational environmental factors, and lack of health and safety promotion programs and education could be causes of the high mortality.
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PMID:Mortality among Danish merchant seamen from 1970 to 1985. 806 63

Construction laborers have some of the highest death rates of any occupation in the United States. There has been very little systematic research focused exclusively on "laborers" as opposed to other workers in the construction industry. We reviewed the English language literature and various data bases describing the occupational tasks, exposures, and work-related health risks of construction laborers. The sources of information included 1) occupational mortality surveillance data collected by the states of California and Washington and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH); 2) National Occupational Exposure Survey; 3) national fatality data; 4) cancer registry data; and 5) case reports of specific causes of morbidity. While the literature reported that construction laborers have increased risk for mesothelioma, on-the-job trauma, acute lead poisoning, musculoskeletal injury, and dermatitis, the work relatedness of excess risks for all-cause mortality, cirrhosis, cerebrovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ischemic heart disease, and leukemia is less clear. Furthermore, while laborers are known to be potentially exposed to asbestos, noise, and lead, and the NIOSH Job Exposure Matrix describes other potential hazardous exposures, little research has characterized other possible exposures and no research has been found that describes the exposures associated with specific job tasks. More advanced study designs are needed that include a better understanding of the job tasks and exposures to construction laborers, in order to evaluate specific exposure-disease relationships and to develop intervention programs aimed at reducing the rate of work-related diseases.
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PMID:Job tasks, potential exposures, and health risks of laborers employed in the construction industry. 825 61


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