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Query: UMLS:C0023890 (cirrhosis)
 42,195 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Inter-cultural comparisons point to associations among aggregate rates of consumption and certain alcohol-related complications, particularly chronic effects, such as liver cirrhosis mortality. Accidental, poisoning and violent incidents are not considered to have as strong an association with societal drinking patterns, since situational, environmental and interactional features contributing to the incident are likely to play a strong role relative to the volume of alcohol consumed. This paper compares annual alcohol consumption rates and male and female mortality rates for liver cirrhosis and 12 main accidental/violent causes of death for Canada, Finland, France, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the US between 1965 and 1987. Using filtering techniques to account for autocorrelation, conservative measures of association were developed. The results indicate that while statistically significant correlations were evident with regard to liver cirrhosis and suicide in some jurisdictions, in most instances the comparisons were not significant. Further work is suggested with regard to the following: utilizing more refined approaches to examine the covariations of casualties and alcohol consumption, and studies combining aggregate level investigations with those focusing at the group or interactional level--in particular those specifying and examining societal norms and risk-taking at the group and sub-population levels.
Addiction 1993 Jul
PMID:Societal norms and risk-taking behaviour: inter-cultural comparisons of casualties and alcohol consumption. 835 58

Chronic liver disease is a common complication of parenteral drug use, and liver cirrhosis is frequently seen in users of both parenteral drugs and alcohol. In 1978-83, we studied 88 parenteral drug users with sufficient evidence of chronic liver disease to warrant liver biopsy. Current alcohol abuse was noted in 63 (72%), and six (7%) were former alcohol abusers. Cirrhosis was found in 33 (38%). Hepatitis C antibody (anti-HCV) was detected in 86 (98%). Also, 40 of the anti-HCV positive sera were tested with recombinant immunoblot assay and all of these were reactive. All but one of the 31 patients with anti-HCV and cirrhosis were alcohol abusers. We conclude that parenteral drug users with chronic liver disease almost always have evidence of HCV infection.
Addiction 1997 Feb
PMID:Hepatitis C virus serology in parenteral drug users with chronic liver disease. 915 28

Alcohol consumption seems to be decreasing in the traditional wine countries of southern Europe. This paper describes the evolution of alcohol consumption over the last 30 years in France, Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain. For this purpose, data on alcohol production and per capita alcohol consumption in southern Europe are examined, and their reliability discussed. To analyse alcohol-related mortality, liver cirrhosis death rates are also reviewed. Since 1980 overall alcohol production has increased by 10%, while wine production has decreased by 13%. The consumption of pure alcohol equivalent per capita has continually decreased, from a peak of 14 litres per year in 1974 to 10.4 litres in 1992. The reduction is dramatic for wine (42.3%) and slight for spirits (4.7%), while beer consumption has grown by 36.6%. These data seem to confirm a European trend towards the homogenization of drinking patterns. Marketing factors, public health policies, the evolution of prices and taxation, European Union agricultural policies, a growing awareness of public opinion about the toxicity of alcohol and competition from non-alcoholic drinks are all factors that may partially explain these observed changes.
Addiction 1997 Mar
PMID:Why has alcohol consumption declined in countries of southern Europe? 916 84

Prolonged and excessive intake of alcoholic beverages can lead to addiction, increased tolerance and physical dependence as in the case of other drugs. It is the cause of many deaths due to cirrhosis, cancer and accidents. It favours numerous symptoms and disorders that can be reversible on withdrawal of alcohol. Alcohol is not toxic. Taken in regular and moderate fashion (20 to 30 g of alcohol per day), alcoholic beverages play a psychosocial role that gives a certain pleasure. In addition, many concordant epidemiologic studies support the notion that overall morbidity and mortality are significantly less than in those who abstain. The benefit is particularly evident in mortality due to cardiovascular events, but also in senile dementia and osteoporosis. However, there are no data confirming a cause and effect relationship. Despite this potentially favourable role, it cannot be recommended to suggest the use of alcohol to those who abstain, given the possibility that some might subsequently develop alcohol dependence.
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PMID:[Beneficial and deleterious effects of alcoholic beverages]. 1031 84

Alcohol abuse is an endemic problem in the country, by itself is responsible of 9% of the global burden of disease due to premature death and disability associated with cirrhosis, accidents, homicides and dependence. Use of other drugs is increasing with an important participation of cocaine and with out breaks of heroin use in the northern border. With the increase of drugs with higher potential of development of addiction, new are required to treat dependence and sequels derived from chronic use. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the available alternatives to be instrumented within the health system.
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PMID:[Current management of drug addiction]. 1095 11

This supplement includes a collection of papers that aim at estimating the relationship between per capita alcohol consumption and various forms of mortality, including mortality from liver cirrhosis, accidents, suicide, homicide, ischaemic heart disease, and total mortality. The papers apply a uniform methodological protocol, and they are all based on time series data covering the post-war period in the present EU countries and Norway. In this paper we discuss various methodological and analytical issues that are common to these papers. We argue that analysis of time series data is the most feasible approach for assessing the aggregate health consequences of changes in population drinking. We further discuss how aggregate data may also be useful for judging the plausibility of individual-level relationships, particularly those prone to be confounded by selection effects. The aggregation of linear and curvilinear risk curves is treated as well as various methods for dealing with the time-lag problem. With regard to estimation techniques we find country specific analyses preferable to pooled cross-sectional/time series models since the latter incorporate the dubious element of geographical co-variation, and conceal potentially interesting variations in alcohol effects. The approach taken in the papers at hand is instead to pool the country specific results into three groups of countries that represent different drinking cultures; traditional wine countries of southern Europe, beer countries of central Europe and the British Isles and spirits countries of northern Europe. The findings of the papers reinforce the central tenet of the public health perspective that overall consumption is an important determinant of alcohol-related harm rates. However, there is a variation across country groups in alcohol effects, particularly those on violent deaths, that indicates the potential importance of drinking patterns. There is no support for the notion that increases in per capita consumption have any cardioprotective effects at the population level.
Addiction 2001 Feb
PMID:Alcohol and mortality: methodological and analytical issues in aggregate analyses. 1122 78

Although substance abuse and dependence have been increasing among women in the United States for some time, only during the past two decades have researchers started to focus on women and alcohol use disorders. In the past all-male samples were generally used because they were much more easily available; when mixed-gender populations were examined, women were often underrepresented. Gender bias was evident in research on alcohol dependence even in the early 1990s. A critical review of addiction specialty journals in 1995 concluded that researchers still commonly used male populations and generalized the findings to both sexes. Recent studies on gender differences in alcohol use disorders have found that compared to men, women become intoxicated after drinking half as much, metabolize alcohol differently, develop cirrhosis of the liver more rapidly, and have a greater risk of dying from alcohol-related accidents. This article reviews the existing literature, focusing on four central questions: (1) Are alcohol use disorders becoming increasingly prevalent in women, thereby closing the gender gap between men and women? (2) Do the physical effects of alcohol differ by gender, and if so, why? (3) Do men and women differ in frequency and type of treatment services sought for alcohol use disorders? (4) What role does gender play in the process of recovery from alcohol dependence?
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PMID:Women and alcohol use disorders. 1189 48

Mental disorders, including substance abuse, are part of the Mexican epidemiologic scenario and will remain so during several decades. They may even become more prominent as causes of disease, disability, and death in our country. It is thus imperative to frame appropriate management strategies to curb these problems without delay. This paper aims at outlining epidemiology of mental diseases as a field of study, and to identify its limitations. Emphasis is made on common elements shared with other more traditional fields of epidemiology, as well as on the specific contributions made by this particular field to epidemiology and to psychiatry in general. This paper describes the main study designs and problems in this field of epidemiology, its usefulness in prevention actions, and future challenges. A unique characteristic of mental disorder epidemiology is that its target diseases manifest in two levels: behaviorally (for example, compulsive hand-washing) and as an element of the individual's mental life (e.g., obsession with bacteria being a constant, omnipresent health threat). It follows that much of the knowledge currently available on the phenomena of mental disorders in general is based on the self-reported insight of individuals. Trained clinicians have collected such reports by interview or with standardized questionnaires. This field of epidemiology is characterized by having two-sides: a mental disorder is a problem in and of itself, causing suffering and prompting the search for specialized care, as it has peculiar clinical manifestations. On the other hand, mental disorder epidemiology also focuses on determining factors (drug use, abuse, or addiction) and on the way these independent variables result in certain processes and outcomes (such as accidents, homicide, suicide, liver cirrhosis, etc.). Finally, the epidemiology of mental disorders has also been set apart by its focus in series of processes that are not suitably classified as syndromes, but which are germane to public health, for example, violence. The epidemiology of mental disorders faces great challenges in the new millennium, including a complex, changing epidemiologic scenario. Several important issues will influence the future development of mental disorder epidemiology: measurement of mental disorders and risk factors, more efficient sampling design and methods, the relationships among biological research, genetics, social studies, and epidemiology, and the interface between epidemiology and the evaluation of therapies and health services.
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PMID:[The role of epidemiology in mental disorder research]. 1552 29

Peculiarities of clinical pharmacology of new generation loop diuretic torasemide and its possible place in the treatment of arterial hypertension, chronic heart failure (CHF) and liver cirrhosis are considered. Main advantage of torasemide over loop diuretics of furosemide and bumetamide type is that in addiction to powerful diuretic and natriuretic actions it produces potassium sparing effect that is explainded by ability its of to tosasimide to block aldosterone receptors in renal tubules. Moreover torasemide exerts longer action than furosemide and bumetamide what allows to take it once a day. In low doses torasemide produces pronounced antihypertensive effect without augmentation of excretion of potassium and water with urine. Because of this it can be used as antihypertensive drug for monotherapy or in combination with other drugs. Contrary to thiazide and loop diuretics prescription of subdiuretic doses of torasemide usually does not require control of potassium content in the blood or addition of potassium preparations. In higher doses (10 mg/day or more) torasemide acts as typical loop diuretic and can be used in the treatment of CHF and liver cirrhosis with ascites. Due to potassium sparing action it more rarely than furosemide and bumetamide causes hypokalemia. Comparative studies have shown than in CHF torasemide exerts more favorable effect on clinical signs of disease and functional status of patients than furosemide. Total mortality, cardiovascular mortality and requirements in hospitalization of patients receiving torasemide is substantially less than of patients receiving furosemide.
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PMID:[Torasemide--new generation loop diuretic: clinical pharmacology and therapeutic application]. 1715 56

Liver biopsy specimens were morphologically investigated in 87 patients, including 30 with drug (marijuana and poppy straw) addiction, 23 with chronic alcoholic intoxication, and 25 abused narcotics and alcohol concomitantly. All the patients were not found to be infected with viruses of hepatitis B, C, G, TTV, or CMN; the clinical manifestations and biochemical blood parameters were studied over time. In patients who simultaneously used drugs and alcohol, the specific features of hepathopathy were shown to be more pronounced and more rapidly progressive changes as fatty hepatosis and diffuse liver tissue fibrosis than in those used either drugs alone or alcohol alone. This is favored by chronic inflammation and cholestasis that is accompanied by bile duct proliferation. Concomitance of these processes leads to permanent liver tissue atrophy and death and to the relatively early development of hepatic monolobular cirrhosis. The mechanisms responsible for the patho- and morphogenesis of combined toxic hepatopathy are discussed.
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PMID:[Hepatopathies in concomitance of chronic drug and alcoholic intoxications]. 1913 79


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