Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: UMLS:C0023890 (cirrhosis)
42,195 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the most common cause of peptic ulcers, and is considered as carcinogenic with respect to gastric cancer and MALT lymphoma. The role of H. pylori in other gastroduodenal diseases like atrophic gastritis and functional dyspepsia has been investigated in hundreds of works, but little is done about what role H. pylori may play in non gastric diseases. Gastro-esophageal reflux disease does not seem to be related to H. pylori but Barrett's esophagus might be. Inflammatory bowel diseases tend to be reverse correlated with H. pylori. In coronary heart disease some studies have shown a connection, others not. Diabetes is not likely to be H. pylori-associated and nor do liver diseases with exception for cirrhosis, where a correlation is possible. Respiratory diseases are little examined but bronchiectasis might have a correlation with H. pylori. A small series of children, who had died in sudden infant death, showed a high rate of H. pylori infection.
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PMID:Non-gastric effects of H. pylori infection: a literature review with respect to non gastric diseases which might be associated with H. pylori infection. 1002 62

We have attempted to critically review and summarise the collective epidemiologic evidence concerning the association of occupational vinyl-chloride exposure with human health outcomes, including cancer, liver cirrhosis, cardiovascular disease, nonmalignant respiratory disease and acroosteolysis. Based on data from individual reports, qualitative and, where possible, quantitative summaries are presented. With respect to cancer, which has been extensively studied, angiosarcoma of the liver is the only malignancy causally related to vinyl-chloride exposure. Hypothesised associations between vinyl chloride and cancers of other sites, namely lung, brain and lymphohaematopoietic system, are not consistently supported by the available data. Similarly, the epidemiologic data relating vinyl chloride to nonmalignant disease, while quantitatively limited and qualitatively suboptimal, do not support a causal association for any of the studied disorders. In summary, a comprehensive review of the relevant epidemiologic literature revealed that occupational vinyl-chloride exposure has not been conclusively or causally linked to any adverse health outcome, with the exception of angiosarcoma of the liver.
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PMID:A critical review of the epidemiologic literature on health effects of occupational exposure to vinyl chloride. 1076 40

We have studied the characteristics of 202 cystic fibrosis adult patients, all with chronic respiratory symptoms, with a median age of 27 yrs (18 to 55 yrs) and a male predominance (56%). At genetic analysis, delta F508 homozygotes were 41%, delta F508 heterozygotes 42% and 17% had no delta F508. The respiratory disease was more severe and complications were more frequent in adults: hemoptysis in 14%, pneumothorax in 15%, lung transplantation in 25 patients. Chronic bronchial colonisation with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, in 76% of patients, contributed to making treatments more severe because of antibiotic i.v. courses and nebulised antibiotics. Respiratory function showed a mean FVC of 62 +/- 22% and a mean FEVI of 48 +/- 94%. External pancreatic insufficiency was found in 83%, diabetes in 14%. Intestinal occlusion syndromes were observed in 11% of patients and hepatic cirrhosis in 8%. In spite of the severity of the respiratory disease, theses patients succeeded in social and occupational insertion; 62% were independent, 18% had children and 77% were working or studying. Analysis of the patients according to age at diagnosis showed that, in 38 patients diagnosed after the age of 18 yrs, the respiratory disease was less severe, pancreatic insufficiency and non-respiratory complications were less frequent (34% had pancreatic insufficiency, 5% had diabetes and none had cirrhosis). This may partly be due to the presence of milder CFTR mutations. In conclusion, cystic fibrosis in adulthood frequently looks like an evolutive form of cystic fibrosis in childhood. Nevertheless, some late diagnosed forms in adults, with better prognosis, have been recently identified.
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PMID:[Characteristics and specificities of cystic fibrosis in adults: evolutive disease of childhood or recently diagnosed disease?]. 1107 85

The present investigation represents an update of a previous cohort mortality study of 7543 workers who were employed at a petroleum refinery in Beaumont, Texas, for at least 1 year between 1945 and 1996. The updated study covered an observation period of 51 years, from 1946 to 1996, with a total of 208,627 person-years of observation. A total of 3020 (40.0%) cohort members were known to have died. The mortality data were analyzed in terms of cause-specific standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). The overall mortality of the cohort was significantly lower than expected when compared with that of the general US population (SMR, 95.7; 95% CI, 92.3 to 99.2). Overall cancer mortality was also lower than expected (SMR, 85.8; 95% CI, 79.4 to 92.5). For specific cancer sites, significant mortality deficits were observed for the following: buccal cavity and pharynx, esophagus, large intestine, rectum, larynx, lung, and bladder and other urinary organs. No significant increase was reported for any site-specific cancer. A non-significant increase in acute myeloid leukemia was observed among male employees (SMR, 147.2; 95% CI, 76.1 to 257.2). Detailed analyses indicated that the excess was restricted to workers hired before 1950. No increase was detected for other leukemia cell-types, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, or multiple myeloma. For non-malignant diseases, the majority of SMRs were below 100, and no significant increase was observed for any cause. In particular, significant mortality deficits were reported for ischemic heart disease (SMR, 91.0; 95% CI, 85.4 to 96.9), non-malignant respiratory disease (SMR, 61.5; 95% CI, 52.2 to 72.0), pulmonary fibrosis (SMR, 51.0; 95% CI, 22.0 to 100.4), cirrhosis of the liver (SMR, 47.2; 95% CI, 30.6 to 69.7), and accidents (SMR, 81.7; 95% CI, 66.3 to 99.6). Separate analyses of male workers by job classification (process and maintenance) were conducted. Mortality from acute myeloid leukemia was elevated among employees in maintenance jobs (8 observed deaths vs 4.31 expected; SMR, 185.5; 95% CI, 80.1 to 365.6). However, no upward trend by length of service was found. A detailed analysis indicated that the acute myeloid leukemia mortality excess was limited to maintenance workers who were hired before 1950. No other significant excess was detected for any cause among maintenance or process workers. These findings from the present study were discussed in conjunction with results from previous investigations of employees at the Beaumont refinery and with results from other refinery studies. Potential limitations of the study were also discussed.
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PMID:An updated mortality study of workers at a petroleum refinery in Beaumont, Texas, 1945 to 1996. 1132

We evaluated the mortality and cancer experience of employees of the chemical industry in the United States and western Europe, as reported in the peer-reviewed literature between 1966 and 1997 (>1 million workers and >15 million person-years). Cohort studies (N = 461) were grouped (N = 181) so that specific populations could be traced from the earliest to the most recently published report, and we extracted observed and expected numbers of cases for each of 35 mortality and 23 cancer incidence endpoints. We then generated standardized mortality ratios or standardized incidence ratios and 95% confidence intervals, and undertook meta-analyses of subcohorts (for example, gender, latency, or duration of employment), as well as the entire cohort. With few exceptions, the observed cause-specific mortality and site-specific cancer incidences were reassuring: overall, 10% fewer deaths were observed than expected. Fewer than expected deaths from all causes, cardiovascular disease, noncancer respiratory disease, cirrhosis of the liver, and external causes were observed, some or all of which may be attributed to a "healthy worker effect." Meta-analyses revealed weak to moderate excesses of lung and bladder cancers likely caused by occupational exposure to known human carcinogens. We also observed a 10-15% increase in lymphatic and hematopoietic cancers. Additional research is required to gain a more complete understanding of the potential role that methodology and environmental or occupational influences may play in these associations.
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PMID:A meta-analysis of cohort studies describing mortality and cancer incidence among chemical workers in the United States and western Europe. 1167 84

One third of patients with cystic fibrosis are adults. The respiratory disease, which conditions the vital prognosis, consists of bronchiectasis with chronic bronchial infection and bursts of acute infection, leading to respiratory insufficiency. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most frequent bacteria in adulthood. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency is associated in 80% of patients. Some complications, such as diabetes, hepatic cirrhosis or osteoporosis, are more frequent in adults. Treatment is based on chest physiotherapy and antibiotics with intravenous courses when there is a colonisation with P. aeruginosa. Pregnancy can be considered in women when respiratory and nutritional status is acceptable. Men are sterile because of congenital bilateral atresia of vas deferens, but can be proposed medical assistance for procreation.
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PMID:[Cystic fibrosis in adults]. 1266 47

Variability in the health of human populations is greater in economically vulnerable areas. We tested whether this variability reflects and can be explained by: (1) underlying vulnerabilities and capacities of populations and/or (2) differences in the distribution of individual socioeconomic status between populations. Health outcomes were rates of mortality from 12 causes (cardiovascular disease, malignant neoplasms, accidents, chronic lower respiratory disease, cerebrovascular disease, pneumonia and influenza, diseases of the nervous system, suicide, chronic liver disease and cirrhosis, diabetes, homicide, HIV/AIDS) for 59 New York City neighborhoods in 2000. Negative binomial regression models were fit with a measure of socioeconomic vulnerability, median income, predicting each mortality rate. Overdispersion of each model was used to assess whether variability in mortality rates increased with increasing neighborhood socioeconomic vulnerability. To assess the two hypotheses, we examined changes in the variability of mortality rates (as indicated by changes in overdispersion of the models) for outcomes with significant non-constant variability after accounting for (1) vulnerabilities and capacities (social control, quality of local schools, unemployment, low education), and (2) the distribution of individual socioeconomic status (low income, poverty, socioeconomic distribution, high income). Some variability in all mortality rates was explained by accounting for a range of potential vulnerabilities and capacities, supporting the first explanation. However, variability in some causes of mortality was also explained in part by accounting for the distribution of individual resources, supporting the second explanation. The results are consistent with a theory of underlying socioeconomic vulnerabilities of human populations. In areas with lower levels of income, other characteristics of those neighborhoods exacerbate or temper the economic vulnerability, leading to more or less healthy conditions. Understanding the vulnerabilities and capacities that characterize populations may help us better understand the production of population health, and may inform efforts aimed at improving population health.
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PMID:Population vulnerabilities and capacities related to health: a test of a model. 1802 2

A cohort mortality study of workers engaged in uranium milling and mining activities near Grants, New Mexico, during the period from 1955 to 1990 was conducted. Vital status was determined through 2005 and standardised mortality ratio (SMR) analyses were conducted for 2745 men and women alive after 1978 who were employed for at least six months. Overall, mortality from all causes (SMR 1.15; 95% CI 1.07-1.23; n = 818) and all cancers (SMR 1.22; 95% CI 1.07-1.38; n = 246) was greater than expected on the basis of US mortality rates. Increased mortality, however, was seen only among the 1735 underground uranium miners and was due to malignant (SMR 2.17; 95% CI 1.75-2.65; n = 95) and non-malignant (SMR 1.64; 95% CI 1.23-2.13; n = 55) respiratory diseases, cirrhosis of the liver (SMR 1.79; n = 18) and external causes (SMR 1.65; n = 58). The lung cancer excess likely is attributable to the historically high levels of radon in uranium mines of the Colorado Plateau, combined with the heavy use of tobacco products. No statistically significant elevation in any cause of death was seen among the 904 non-miners employed at the Grants uranium mill. Among 718 mill workers with the greatest potential for exposure to uranium ore, no statistically significant increase in any cause of death of a priori interest was seen, i.e., cancers of the lung, kidney, liver, or bone, lymphoma, non-malignant respiratory disease, renal disease or liver disease. Although the population studied was relatively small, the follow-up was long (up to 50 yrs) and complete. In contrast to miners exposed to radon and radon decay products, for uranium mill workers exposed to uranium dusts and mill products there was no clear evidence of uranium-related disease.
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PMID:A cohort study of uranium millers and miners of Grants, New Mexico, 1979-2005. 1871 28

This study examined the relationship between volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), including hydrogen sulphide (H(2)S), methyl mercaptan (CH(3)SH) and dimethyl sulphide [(CH(3))(2)S], in mouth air of patients and a history of systemic disease. The subjects were 387 residents (174 males and 213 females) of Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan, who participated in an oral and systemic health survey for elderly persons (mean age: 61.8, s.d. 2.8 years). The VSCs were measured using a portable gas chromatograph (OralChroma). The H(2)S concentrations were significantly greater in the 132 subjects with a history of hypertension and the 41 subjects with a history of respiratory disease, including pneumonia, pulmonary emphysema and bronchitis, than in those without such a history. The CH(3)SH concentrations were significantly greater in those with a history of hypertension. The 16 subjects with a history of cerebrovascular disease, including intracerebral haemorrhage, cerebral infarction, and subarachnoid haemorrhage, and the 58 subjects with a history of liver disease, including hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, drug-induced liver injury, fatty liver and liver cirrhosis, showed significantly greater (CH(3))(2)S concentrations (p < 0.05). These results suggest an association between the production of VSCs in mouth air and systemic diseases such as hypertension as well as respiratory, cerebrovascular and liver diseases.
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PMID:Relationship between volatile sulfur compounds in mouth air and systemic disease. 2138 56

Invasive mycoses are a rising problem, not only in traditional categories of patients like hematologic or neutropenic ones, but also in elderly non-neutropenic patients admitted to internal medicine wards. Patients being admitted to medical wards are usually older, have multiple comorbidities, e.g., liver cirrhosis or chronic obstructive respiratory disease, may be malnourished or receive peripheral or total parenteral nutrition, and frequently are undergoing chronic corticosteroid therapy, chemotherapy for cancer or monoclonal antibodies for autoimmune diseases. Such risk factors may be contemporarily present in a single patient increasing the risk for the development of invasive mycoses. Diagnosis of candidemia and invasive aspergillosis is particularly difficult in patients hospitalized on medical wards, since symptoms and signs have low specificity, and most diagnostic tests have been only validated in neutropenic hematologic patients, but not in those without neutropenia. Both candidemia and invasive aspergillosis carry significant morbidity and mortality. The aim of this paper is to provide a simple guide to physicians for a prompt identification and treatment of patients with possible or suspected invasive mycoses.
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PMID:Identification and management of invasive mycoses in internal medicine: a road-map for physicians. 2487 36


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