Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0023890 (cirrhosis)
 42,195 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Of 446 deaths among serving and retired British Airways pilots between 1966 and 1989, 411 were analysed using the Proportional Mortality Ratio (PMR) technique. After removal of the predictable excess of aircraft accidents, excesses of cancer (PMR 1.31) and other accidents (1.60) were balanced by deficits in diseases of the circulatory (0.83) and respiratory (0.49) systems. While lung cancer was close to expectation (1.10), consistent excesses were shown in all analyses for malignant melanoma (6.68), cirrhosis of the liver (2.88), colon cancer (2.30) and brain/CNS cancer (2.68). Consideration of these ratios in relation to pilots' lifestyle and occupation leads to the conclusion that the brain/CNS cancer excess must be studied further.
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PMID:The mortality of British Airways pilots, 1966-1989: a proportional mortality study. 161 Mar 37

After 10 years of prospective study of a cohort of 1,380 patients with psoriasis enrolled in the Photochemotherapy (PUVA) Follow-up Study, our data show that the incidence of death and causes of death were comparable to those expected in the general population. We noted no increase in cardiovascular mortality, but observed that cirrhosis caused more deaths among our cohort than in the general population (Standard Mortality Ratio: 4.7, P less than 0.05). The overall incidence of non-cutaneous cancer was slightly but not significantly elevated in our population (Standard Mortality Ratio = 1.2, P greater than 0.05). In an analysis of individual sites, we observed significant increases in the incidence of colonic cancer and primary neoplasms of the central nervous system. We found no significant increase in the incidence of lymphoma, leukemia, or malignant melanoma within our cohort. Because of the possible long latency time and the low incidence of these malignancies only continued follow-up of this cohort can assure us that PUVA therapy does not substantially alter the risk for the development of these conditions.
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PMID:Cardiovascular disease, cancer, and cause of death in patients with psoriasis: 10 years prospective experience in a cohort of 1,380 patients. 341 Nov 40

Forty-eight patients with ;cold areas' on (99m)Tc sulphur colloid liver scintiscans were scanned again using (75)Se-selenomethionine. In 11 patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma considerable uptake of (75)Se-selenomethionine could be demonstrated in the area of the tumour and uptake of (75)Se-selenomethionine was also observed over extrahepatic metastases in two of these cases. In contrast uptake was low in cholangiocellular carcinoma, Kupffer cell sarcoma, and secondary hepatic deposits (excepting melanoma metastases). No cause for the ;cold area' on the (99m)Tc scan could be discovered in 16 of 25 patients with cirrhosis and in these patients the uptake of the two isotopes in the area of the ;false positive' filling defect was almost equal. Positive identification of primary hepatocellular tumours using this dual scanning technique can be of value in determining and assessing treatment by surgery or cytotoxic therapy.
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PMID:75se-selenomethionine in the scintiscan diignosis of primary hepatocellular carcinoma. 432 48

A population-based cohort of 120 Danish men, discharged with a hospital diagnosis of primary hemochromatosis from 1977 to 1989, was followed up to 1989 for subsequent cancer risk. Nineteen subjects (including 6 with primary liver cancers) were excluded from the analysis, either because they died within the same month of hemochromatosis diagnosis or because they had cancer prior to diagnosis of hemochromatosis. Among the 101 remaining subjects, 4 primary liver cancers occurred one year or more after the diagnosis of hemochromatosis, far surpassing the expected number based on incidence rates from the Danish population (standardized incidence ratio 92.9, 95% confidence interval 25.0 to 237.9). The excess of liver cancer was associated with cirrhosis and included cholangiocarcinoma as well as hepatocellular carcinoma. Significantly elevated risks were also observed for non-hepatic cancers (13 cases; SIR 3.5, 95% CI 1.9 to 6.0), notably esophageal cancer (2 cases; SIR 42.9, 95% CI 4.8 to 154.9) and skin melanoma (2 cases; SIR 27.8, 95% CI 3.1 to 100.3). The results of this population-based study are in accordance with the hypothesis that patients with primary hemochromatosis have a substantial risk of primary liver cancer. Further studies of hemochromatosis may be useful in clarifying the relation of non-hepatic malignancies to body iron stores in the general population.
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PMID:Cancer risk following primary hemochromatosis: a population-based cohort study in Denmark. 782 8

The mortality profile of female nurses and teachers in British Columbia (BC) was examined using age-standardized proportional mortality ratios (PMRs) calculated for the period 1950-1984. Lowered overall mortality among nurses was seen for degenerative heart disease and for cerebrovascular accidents. Significantly elevated PMR values were observed for cancer of the breast and ovary in nurses of age 20-65 years. PMRs were significantly elevated for cancer of the pancreas and leukemia among those age 20 years and older. Elevated values were also observed for motor vehicle accidents and suicide among nurses in both age groups. Lower than expected mortality from degenerative heart disease and cerebrovascular accidents was seen in working age teachers (age 20-65 years). However, elevated PMRs were detected for carcinoma of the colon, breast, endometrium, brain, and melanoma. Among those 20 years and over, significantly elevated PMRs were also observed for cancers of the ovary and other digestive organs. Elevated PMRs were found for motor vehicle and aircraft accidents. Mortality from cirrhosis of the liver was lower than anticipated in both teachers and nurses. A number of significant PMRs declined when deaths of "homemakers" were withdrawn from the comparison group used to generate PMR values, suggesting that risk of death from various causes among women working outside the home differ from those seen in women who are predominantly in the home.
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PMID:Mortality among female registered nurses and school teachers in British Columbia. 807 20

Between 1992 and 2040, the United States nonwhite elderly population is expected to grow from 3.3 to 14.1 million. In order to assess the implications of this increase on the mortality from neurodegenerative diseases in the United States, we used Census Bureau population estimates to formulate projections of the annual number of deaths from neurodegenerative diseases and from six comparison conditions (liver cirrhosis, colon cancer, lung cancer, cancer of the female breast, multiple sclerosis, and malignant melanoma), assuming that the United States disease-age-gender-specific death rates for 1985-1988 remain constant between 1990 and 2040. We find that neurodegenerative disease mortality increases by 281-524%, depending on the model of population growth used. For the 'middle' population growth model, the increase in annual neurodegenerative disease mortality is 373%. The major component of this increase is the rise in deaths attributed to dementia. For the six comparison diseases, the increases in mortality range from 130 (multiple sclerosis) to 288% (colon cancer). Given the current level of underascertainment of neurodegenerative disease mortality, particularly among minorities, and the conservative nature of the Census Bureau estimates of future population, it is likely that these projections are under-estimates. The implications of these data are discussed.
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PMID:Projected neurodegenerative disease mortality among minorities in the United States, 1990-2040. 809 Feb 60

Between 1990 and 2040, the United States elderly population is expected to grow from 31.6 to 68.1 million. In order to assess the implications of this increase on the mortality from neurodegenerative diseases in the United States, we used Census Bureau population estimates to formulate projections of the annual number of deaths from neurodegenerative diseases and from six comparison conditions (liver cirrhosis, colon cancer, lung cancer, cancer of the female breast, multiple sclerosis, and malignant melanoma), assuming that the United States disease-age-gender-race-specific death rates for 1985-1988 remain constant between 1990 and 2040. We find that neurodegenerative disease mortality increases by 119-231%, depending on the model of population growth used. For the 'middle' population growth model, the increase in annual neurodegenerative disease mortality is 166%. The major component of this increase is the rise in deaths attributed to dementia. For the six comparison diseases, the increases in mortality range from 52 (multiple sclerosis) to 130% (colon cancer). Given the current level of under ascertainment of neurodegenerative disease mortality and the conservative nature of the Census Bureau estimates of future population, it is likely that these projections are underestimates. The implications of these data are discussed.
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PMID:Projected neurodegenerative disease mortality in the United States, 1990-2040. 827 81

S-100 serum concentrations were analyzed in 39 healthy people, 130 patients with benign diseases and 304 patients with malignancies, including 49 patients with locoregional diseases and 255 with advanced diseases. S-100 was determined by a commercial immunoluminometric assay, and 0.20 ng/ml was considered to be the upper limit of normality. In none of the healthy people was S-100 higher than 0.2 ng/ml. Slightly high S-100 concentrations were found in 33 out of 130 patients (25%) with benign diseases (mean 0.21 +/- 0.45 ng/ml). Significantly higher S-100 serum levels were found in patients with liver cirrhosis (63%, 10/16) (p = 0.024) or renal failure (45%, 8/18) (p = 0.03) than in patients with other benign diseases or in healthy people. Abnormal S-100 serum levels were found in 68 of the patients (22.5%) with malignancy (mean 1.01 +/- 5.9 ng/ml). The highest S-100 concentrations were found in patients with malignant melanomas (p = 0.001). Excluding melanoma patients, the S-100 serum levels in patients with malignancies were not related to tumor origin or stage but were clearly related to the site of metastasis, with patients with liver metastases showing higher values than patients with metastases without liver involvement (p = 0.02). No statistical differences were found among patients with liver cirrhosis, primary liver cancer or liver metastases. In conclusion, S-100 is a useful marker for melanoma, but abnormal levels of this tumor marker may be found in benign and malignant diseases associated with liver or renal injury.
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PMID:S-100 protein serum levels in patients with benign and malignant diseases: false-positive results related to liver and renal function. 1189 5

Psoriasis is a chronic, debilitating skin condition that affects millions of people and is attributed to both genetic and environmental factors. Topical therapy is generally considered to be the first-line treatment of psoriasis. However, many patients do not respond to topical therapy or have disease so extensive that topical therapy is not practical. For these patients, systemic therapy is indicated. Presently, there are four available systemic treatments, psoralen with ultraviolet A (PUVA), methotrexate, oral retinoids (acitretin), and cyclosporin. Unfortunately, all of these treatments have significant potential adverse effects. PUVA may acutely cause nausea, pruritus and sunburn. More chronic and concerning is the development of PUVA lentigines, ocular complications and skin cancer. Non-melanoma skin cancer has been directly linked to PUVA; however, the association with melonoma is more elusive. Methotrexate use most notably carries the risk of hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis, which is not always evident on liver function tests. Other more rare, but potentially life-threatening adverse effects include pancytopenia, lymphoproliferative disorders and acute pneumonitis. The addition of folic acid may help to reduce the risk of increasing liver enzymes and haematological toxicity seen in those taking methotrexate. Both methotrexate and oral retinoids are teratogenic and should never be used in pregnancy. Oral retinoids are probably the least effective available systemic medication for the treatment of plaque psoriasis. The effects are improved with the addition of other systemic therapies. Acitretin has replaced the formerly used etretinate primarily because of the significantly shorter half-life. The adverse effects are generally mild and reversible, making the drug fairly safe for long-term use. The most commonly seen adverse effects include elevated serum lipids, generalised xerosis and alopecia. Bony abnormalities, while somewhat controversial, have also been described and include diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis, skeletal calcifications and osteoporosis. Cyclosporin is the most recently approved systemic medication for plaque psoriasis. The nephrotoxicity associated with the use of cyclosporin can be minimised when used in lower doses and for a limited duration. Hypertension is usually mild and can be seen in up to about one-third of patients receiving long-term therapy. Cutaneous and internal malignancies have also been reported with cyclosporin and tend to be correlated with duration of treatment. In this review, we will examine the potential adverse effects with these US Food and Drug Administration-approved treatments in adults, with specific emphasis on the controversies that surround long-term therapy with these agents and their cumulative adverse effects.
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PMID:Comparative tolerability of systemic treatments for plaque-type psoriasis. 1238 Dec 13

Metastases rarely occur in human livers with cirrhosis in clinical studies. We postulated that this phenomenon would also occur in experimental cirrhosis. Cirrhosis was established in C57BL/6 mice by carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) gastrogavage. B16F1 melanoma cells were injected into the mesenteric vein to induce hepatic metastases. Contrary to our postulate, there was greater than 4-fold increase in metastasis in animals with cirrhosis compared to controls. Intravital videomicroscopy showed that the hepatic sinusoids were narrower and more tumor cells were retained in the terminal portal vein (TPV) in cirrhotic livers. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that the expression of vascular adhesion molecules was significantly increased in cirrhosis. Using confocal microscopy and the fluorescent nitric oxide (NO) probe 4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate, a significantly lower level of NO release was detected in livers with cirrhosis both in basal conditions and after tumor cell arrest. Eight hours after mesenteric vein tumor cell injection, the percentage of apoptotic tumor cells in the sinusoids was 17% +/- 2% in livers with cirrhosis and 30% +/- 5% in normal livers. More mitotic and Ki-67 labeled tumor cells were seen in livers with cirrhosis. In conclusion, the changes in architecture and adhesion molecule expression in livers with cirrhosis may cause more tumor cells to arrest in the TPV. Lower levels of NO production may reduce apoptosis of B16F1 cells in livers with cirrhosis. As a result, these changes may promote the growth of metastasis in this cirrhotic model.
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PMID:Impact of cirrhosis on the development of experimental hepatic metastases by B16F1 melanoma cells in C57BL/6 mice. 1538 52


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