Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0023890 (cirrhosis)
 42,195 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In ten auxiliary partial liver transplant recipients selective bowel decontamination (SBD) was used to reduce infections due to gram-negative microorganisms and fungi. During SBD no gram-negative infections occurred. Candida peritonitis was observed in one patient. After discontinuation of SBD serious infections of gram-negative origin did occur and three fungal infections were seen. SBD seems to have a favourable effect in reducing infections by gram-negative microorganisms and fungi. Most striking was the number of enterococcal infections that occurred. Five out of ten patients developed enterococcal infections which in two cases contributed to a fatal outcome. These infections occurred after increase of the number of enterococci in faeces and concomitant positive cultures of bile, ascites or wound drains. This increase could be due to the use of SBD. Also, the kind of biliary anastomosis may play an important role in the relatively high incidence of enterococcal infections. In the postoperative period, recurrence of hepatitis B infection in the liver graft was observed in all patients with cirrhosis due to this virus. Problems caused by other viral infections or protozoal infections remained limited in these ten patients.
Infection
PMID:Infections after auxiliary partial liver transplantation. Experiences in the first ten patients. 211 69

During the period 1986-1988, the expression of anti-HDV in different high-risk groups and its clinical impact on patients with HBV-related chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma was investigated in Iran. Using the ELISA technique, we observed a 2.5% anti-HDV positivity in asymptomatic chronic HBsAg carriers (3 of 120); in hemophiliacs, two of six HBsAg carriers were positive for anti-HDV and zero of 50 anti-HBs positives. Anti-HBs positive dialysis patients were positive for anti-HDV in 2.0% of the cases (1 of 50), whereas the rate of anti-HDV positivity was 44.5% in hemodialysis patients positive for HBsAg (16 of 36). The figures were comparable in HBsAg positive patients with chronic active hepatitis and cirrhosis (49.2%; 31 of 63). Moreover, anti-HDV was detected in five of eight patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. These data indicate the endemicity of delta infection in Iran. The increased incidence among hepatocellular carcinoma patients is an interesting finding to be further investigated with larger groups of patients in this region.
Infection
PMID:A study on delta virus infection and its clinical impact in Iran. 215 76

The prevalence of anti-HCV, anti-HDV and of HBV markers has been investigated in a series of 209 consecutive patients (age 18-74 years) with chronic liver disease. Among 155 HBsAg negative patients (53 chronic hepatitis cases and 102 cirrhosis cases), anti-HCV were found in 69% of the cases. 67% of the 155 patients also carried anti-HBc, with no difference between patients positive or negative for anti-HCV. Among the 54 HBsAg positive patients, 10 (18.5%) also had anti-HCV, 22 (40.7%) were anti-HDV positive and 12 (22.2%) had serum HBV-DNA. One patient had concomitant anti-HDV and anti-HCV and another presented anti-HCV and serum HBV-DNA. 21/54 patients had liver cirrhosis on presentation and among these 17 (81%) were anti-HCV and/or anti-HDV positive. On the whole, 123/209 patients had liver cirrhosis on presentation and in 107 of them HCV infection may have played a role.
Infection
PMID:Prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies in patients with chronic liver disease and its relationship to HBV and HDV infections. 217 52

Ten years ago hepatitis B virus (HBV) was thought to be a unique virus, not included in any known family of viruses. Following the discovery of a number of HBV-like viruses that infect birds and mammals, the existence of a new family known as hepadnaviridae has been confirmed. Hepadnaviruses are small hepatotropic viruses that have a characteristic partially double stranded genome, exhibit a narrow host range and replicate by reverse transcription. The family currently comprises six viruses of which human hepatitis B virus is the prototype member. Other members include woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV), ground squirrel hepatitis virus (GSHV), tree squirrel hepatitis virus (TSHV). Peking duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) and heron hepatitis B virus (HHBV). Candidate members of the family include kangaroo hepatitis virus (KHV) and stink snake hepatitis virus (SSHV). In humans, infection with HBV is associated with a wide spectrum of clinical conditions including acute and chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Infection with HBV is endemic throughout much of the world and the virus is maintained by the enormous reservoir of over 300 million chronic carriers. For almost 20 years experimental work on hepadnaviruses has been carried out using either natural hosts or cultured cells that were capable to support synthesis of a few viral gene products but unable to execute a complete cycle of virus replication. In this article, we have attempted to summarize the efforts made towards understanding the biology of hepadnaviruses, the nature of their infections and their association with primary liver cancer.
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PMID:Hepadnaviruses, their infections and hepatocellular carcinoma. 217 94

A group of 70 chronic alcoholics--65 men and 6 women--has been studied. HBsAg was found in 11 (16%), and at least one marker of HBV infection was present in sera from 31 (44%) persons, these results being significantly higher than in a matched control population. The commonest single histological patterns were: steatosis (18 cases), and alcoholic hepatitis (18 cases), followed by normal liver (14 cases) and chronic active hepatitis (12 cases). Cirrhosis was diagnosed in only 4 cases. Five cases of chronic active hepatitis could be attributed to infection with HBV or HDV; in the remaining 7 cases the etiology was unclear. Infection with HBV seems to play an important role as the cause of liver disease among alcoholics in Poland, and chronic active hepatitis of various etiology may be an important form of liver pathology among them.
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PMID:Liver disease among Polish alcoholics. Contribution of chronic active hepatitis to liver pathology. 221 94

Radioimmunoassay and enzyme-immunoassay were used to study the detection rates of HBsAg and anti-Delta in blood donors and subjects at high risk of infection with hepatitis B (HB) in the Byelorussian SSR. The republic was found to belong to the region with a moderate prevalence of HB and low prevalence of delta-virus infection. The detection rate of anti-delta antibodies in individual population groups depends on the level of HBsAg carrier state and is closely associated with prolonged treatment in medical institutions. Patients with tuberculosis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus, and cirrhosis of the liver are important reservoirs of HB and delta-virus infection for a region with moderate prevalence of HB virus and low prevalence of delta-virus. Infection with delta-virus is very important in unfavourable outcomes of acute and chronic viral hepatitides in the region.
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PMID:[Detection rate of antibodies against delta virus among HBsAg carriers in a region with moderate prevalence of hepatitis B]. 253 51

Bacterial infection is a serious and often fatal complication of patients with liver disease and can prove fatal either directly or by precipitation of gastrointestinal bleeding, renal failure, or hepatic encephalopathy. At greatest risk are patients with alcoholic cirrhosis or decompensated chronic liver disease, or cases of acute liver disease who progress to fulminant hepatic failure or subacute hepatic necrosis. Infection appears to be unusual in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. The site and type of infection is unrelated to the aetiology of the liver disease. Bacteraemia, pneumonia, urinary tract infection and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis are most common but infective endocarditis and meningitis, especially with pneumococci, are easily overlooked. Clinical suspicion of infection must be high as the only indication may be a general deterioration in the patients' clinical state, increasing encephalopathy or renal impairment. In the case of patients with fulminant hepatic failure, infection may precipitate the initial or recurrent encephalopathy and contributes to death in 10% of fatal cases. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is now recognized to occur in the absence of clinical features of peritonitis. The PMN content of the ascitic fluid may provide the only indication of infection and is the most readily available screening test. The most common types of organism responsible for all types of infection are Gram-negative enteric and streptococci, especially pneumococci, while infection with anaerobes is rare. Risk factors for infection include decompensated alcoholic liver disease, fulminant hepatic failure, gastrointestinal bleeding, invasive practical procedures and impaired host defence mechanisms against infection. Of the host defence mechanisms, impaired function of the reticuloendothelial system, complement, and PMNs represent the most common and serious defects. Defects of humoral immunity are present in ascitic fluid from patients with cirrhosis and are probably a major reason for development of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Diuresis improves these functions and reduces the risk of peritonitis. Treatment of infections even with the appropriate antibiotic is still associated with a high mortality but the use of adjuvant gut sterilization is promising, particularly in cases infected with Gram-negative enteric organisms. Infusions of fresh frozen plasma, blood and cryoprecipitate improve some systemic host defences and may be beneficial in the treatment and reduction of risk of infection.
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PMID:Bacterial infections complicating liver disease. 265 49

Infection with 100 Opisthorchis viverrini (OP) metacercariae prior to two injections of dihydroxy-di-n-propyl nitrosamine (DHPN) (1000 mg/kg body weight) brought about significant enhancement of resultant preneoplastic lesion development in Syrian hamster liver and pancreas tissue. Thus combined treatment with carcinogen and parasite was associated with pancreatic atypical (dysplastic) foci, hepatocellular nodules, cholangiofibrosis and cholangiocarcinomas. No such lesions were observed in carcinogen alone, parasite alone or untreated control groups. In addition, parasite induced hyperplastic gall bladder epithelium was found to include areas of putative preneoplastic cells only in the DHPN-OP combined group. The results strongly suggest that pancreatitis and biliary cirrhosis associated with liver fluke infestation are responsible for the observed enhancement of carcinogenesis, and that the resultant increased proliferation plays a major role in tumorigenesis.
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PMID:Enhancement of DHPN induced hepatocellular, cholangiocellular and pancreatic carcinogenesis by Opisthorchis viverrini infestation in Syrian golden hamsters. 283 5

Infections with the B, D, A, NANB viruses and with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are very common among drug addicts, some of whom may harbour several of these pathogens. The serum of 90 per cent of drug addicts contains one of the HBV markers, and 20 per cent of them carry an anti-D antibody which is more often present in HBs Ag-positive subjects but may also be found in those who are positive for anti-HBs and anti HBc antibodies. The presence of an anti-delta antibody increases the risk of severe histological lesions (chronic active hepatitis, cirrhosis), as does chronic alcoholism associated with drug addiction. Fifty to sixty per cent of drug addicts are seropositive for HIV. At the AIDS stage, hepatic lesions are extremely frequent (90 per cent), but they have low activity and are seldom responsible for death.
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PMID:[B virus, delta agent and human immunodeficiency virus infections in drug addicts]. 297 41

Forty-seven drug addicts with histologically verified chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis were followed up for at least 12 months (mean 58 +/- 34.5 months). The patients were young, mean age 25 years and predominantly of the male sex. Forty patients (85%) had chronic persistent hepatitis (CPH) in the first biopsy and seven (15%) had chronic active hepatitis with or without cirrhosis (CAH/C). Except for bilirubin levels, standard biochemical tests at the time of the biopsy did not differ significantly between the two histologic groups. Ten patients had repeated biopsies performed and in four of them a histologic progression was observed. Six patients with CAH had evidence of cirrhosis. No patient developed hepatic failure or died because of the liver disease. Two patients seemed to resolve biochemically during follow-up. The rather benign liver morphology contrasts with chronic NANBH after blood transfusion where chronic active hepatitis and cirrhosis are much more common. Age-dependent immunologic factors might to some extent explain these differences.
Infection
PMID:Chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis in drug addicts--a follow-up study. 313 84


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