Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0023890 (cirrhosis)
 42,195 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To investigate mortality patterns for domestic workers, proportional mortality ratios (PMRs) were calculated for the 1,382 female domestic workers who died in British Columbia at age 20 years or over between 1950 and 1984. This group experienced fewer deaths than expected from cerebrovascular accidents (PMR = 84) and hypertension (PMR = 39). The proportion of deaths from cirrhosis was higher than expected (PMR = 152). An excess of observed deaths was also noted for all accidents (PMR = 126), accidents due to environmental factors (PMR = 439), and homicide (PMR = 235). Mortality from pneumonia was elevated for domestic workers aged 20 to 65 (PMR = 180). Further studies using more sophisticated epidemiologic methods are necessary to evaluate whether these deaths are a result of occupational exposures or of poor socioeconomic conditions.
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PMID:Mortality patterns in female domestic workers. 158 Feb 64

The renin system plays a critical role in hypertension as well as in the edematous states of heart failure, cirrhosis, and nephrosis. Properly performed measurements of plasma renin, with techniques now widely available, can be used as indicators of risk and of therapeutic strategies. The results of the plasma renin measurements are equally relevant whether they are high or low. The renin profile should be part of the routine workup of the patient with hypertension of any type or of the patient with an edematous disorder. Once the renin component of hypertension is established, management with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, such as perindopril, follows, for ACE inhibitors attack the pathophysiologic source, thus providing adequate perfusion and protection of vital organs. The role of renin's involvement in hypertensive states is elaborated, as well as that of the ACE inhibitors.
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PMID:A decade of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition. 158 Feb 77

The relationship of stature with the prevalence of 18 chronic diseases or groups of diseases was analysed using data from the 1983 Italian National Health Survey, based on a sample of 63,859 individuals aged 20 or over randomly selected within strata of geographical area, size of the place of residence and of the household in order to be representative of the Italian population. Rate ratios (RR) were computed using multiple logistic regression, including terms for sex, age, geographical area, education and smoking. For 15 out of 18 diseases or groups of diseases the RR was below unity in the highest quartiles of height, and the inverse trends with stature were significant for 11 (diabetes, RR 0.90 for highest vs lowest quartile; heart disease, RR 0.92; chronic bronchitis and emphysema, RR 0.84; bronchial asthma, RR 0.70; anaemias, RR 0.70; liver cirrhosis, RR 0.62; urolithiasis, RR 0.76; renal insufficiency, RR 0.71; arthritis, RR 0.89; psychiatric and neurological disorders, RR 0.82). None of the diseases considered showed significant direct trends with height, but hypertension (RR 1.09 for the highest vs lowest quartile), haemorrhoids or varices (RR 1.09) and cancers (RR 1.22) tended to be elevated in the highest quartile of height. The generalised inverse relationship between height and prevalence of chronic disease suggests that poorer nutrition in childhood and adolescence is an unfavourable indicator for the subsequent occurrence of several diseases. Major exceptions were hypertension and varices, two conditions highly dependent on the pattern of health care utilization, and cancer.
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PMID:Height and the prevalence of chronic disease. 160 29

Two murine monoclonal antibodies, raised against von Willebrand factor (vWF), were used to construct an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), for quantitation of vWF antigen (vWFAg) in human plasma and platelets. This assay had a lower limit of sensitivity of 0.0001 IU/ml in buffer, and thus is one to two orders of magnitude more sensitive than other ELISA assays which have been reported. The intraassay, interassay and interdilution coefficients of variation were 4.1, 10.4 and 9.9%, respectively. In normal plasma (n = 20), the vWFAg level was 0.83 (range: 0.42-1.25) IU/ml. In normal washed platelets (n = 10), 0.35 (0.25-0.49) IU/10(9) platelets was found. In plasma obtained from various patient groups the following vWFAg levels (geometric mean and range) were observed: von Willebrand's disease (n = 19): 0.18 (0.02-0.77) IU/ml; patients with liver cirrhosis (n = 20): 3.73 (1.68-9.20) IU/ml; patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension (n = 20): 4.14 (2.28-7.44) IU/ml and patients with malignant disease (n = 10), 2.54 (1.51-5.60) IU/ml. A linear correlation was found between vWFAg levels measured with a polyclonal antibody based Laurell electroimmunoassay (r = 0.92, n = 58) or with a polyclonal antibody based ELISA (r = 0.94, n = 64). The present assay is based on stable and reproducible reagents and allows the specific measurement of vWFAg in plasma and in platelets. This assay may constitute a useful tool for the further investigation of clinical conditions associated with changes in vWFAg levels. In addition, its high sensitivity may facilitate a more detailed study of platelet vWFAg in normal and in pathological conditions.
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PMID:Measurement of von Willebrand factor antigen in plasma and platelets with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on two murine monoclonal antibodies. 177 82

Absorption of felodipine is rapid and complete. A pronounced first-pass metabolism results in a bioavailability of 15%, irrespective of the oral formulation used. The peak plasma concentrations and area under the plasma concentration-time curve are linearly related to the dose. The variability in plasma concentrations is wide, and individualization of the dosage is recommended. Plasma felodipine concentrations are increased in the elderly, and in patients with congestive heart failure or liver cirrhosis; in these patients felodipine should be started at a low dosage. Food intake has no clinically significant effect on felodipine absorption. Serum digoxin concentrations are increased by felodipine in plain tablet form, but not when it is administered as extended release tablets. Activators, inducers and inhibitors of the cytochrome P450 system affect the plasma concentrations of felodipine. No displacement reactions with high affinity protein binding drugs have been observed. There is a significant correlation between plasma concentration and haemodynamic effect. The mean elimination half-life of 24h together with the extended release formulation of felodipine favours once-daily dosage in patients with hypertension.
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PMID:Felodipine clinical pharmacokinetics. 178 37

The article contains results of a study of the morbidity rates among electricians dealing with servicing medical X-ray equipment. The exposure dosages were at 15 +/- mGr/year. With a considerably low prevalence of any specific chronic pathology on the whole, the professional groups exhibited higher morbidity rates caused by hypertension, duodenal ulcers and hepatic cirrhosis. No specific changes in the blood indices were found. The contributors proposed a set of preventive measures, including extensive medical examinations to reveal hypertension initial stages, along with health-related measures towards improvement of the occupational and social conditions.
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PMID:[Morbidity based on medical examination data on x-ray apparatus electromechanical engineers performing repair and adjustment operations]. 181 Aug 17

Cardiac atria and, under certain circumstances, also ventricles produce and secrete into the circulation atrial natriuretic factor (ANF). ANF exerts a significantly natriuretic, myorelaxant, renin-, aldosterone-, and vasopressin-inhibiting effect and acts as a neurotransmitter in the central and autonomous nervous systems. Expansion of the extracellular volume stimulates secretion of ANF which consequently contributes to renal excretion of sodium and water. The renal effect of ANF is apparently modulated by interaction with other mechanisms. ANF concentration in peripheral blood is the product of its secretion by the heart and degradation by peripheral tissues. In ascitic liver cirrhosis, the decreased splanchnic bed uptake may contribute to the increase in plasma ANF concentration observed. Insufficient production or secretion of ANF are not likely to be the primary etiopathogenic mechanism of arterial hypertension. In the course of development of hypertension, ANF is mobilized as a corrective-adaptive mechanism in an effort to normalize the raised BP, extracellular volume or circulating pressor agents. Through its production of ANF, the heart possess an important endocrine function markedly affecting pressure, electrolyte and volume homeostasis.
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PMID:Role of the heart as an endocrine organ. 184 37

Duodenal varices (DV) are rare. We present a review of published cases with emphasis on the management and outcome, as illustrated by our own cases, which reflects the experience reported in the literature. The diagnosis of DV must be considered in patients with gastrointestinal bleeding. Two-thirds of all reported cases have portal venous hypertension caused by hepatic cirrhosis. In the remaining one-third prehepatic portal hypertension as a consequence of either a compromised portal venous circulation (caused by perivenous tumor or inflammation) or a primary haematological disease is the underlying cause. Previously, duodenoscopy has often failed to detect and correctly interpret DV, and was similarly unsuccessful in our case. This case report demonstrates the problems and shortcomings in the management of DV and documents a hither to unreported cause. Treatment depends on the severity of bleeding. When conservative measures cannot control the haemorrhage, emergency laparotomy may be indicated. The type of surgery should be chosen according to the aetiology, site and extent of the bleeding DV. Among 112 reported cases of DV, information on outcome exists for only 35 patients who presented with haemorrhage. The aetiology was liver cirrhosis in 26 of these patients, 10 of whom had a fatal outcome, and prehepatic portal hypertension in the remaining 9, 1 of whom had a fatal outcome.
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PMID:Duodenal varicose veins. 187 72

The RAS is part of an extremely powerful feedback system for long-term control of blood pressure and volume homeostasis. Disturbances that tend to lower blood pressure, such as heart failure, cirrhosis, and peripheral vasodilation, cause sodium and water retention until blood pressure returns to normal due, in large part, to the combined actions of ANGII and reduced arterial pressure. In response to increased sodium intake, decreased ANGII formation greatly amplifies the effectiveness of pressure natriuresis, thereby preventing large increases in body fluid volumes and blood pressure. In circumstances in which the RAS is inappropriately activated, the sodium retaining effects of ANGII necessitate increased blood pressure to maintain sodium balance via pressure natriuresis. Because the RAS is so powerful in regulating blood pressure, blockade of the system with ACE inhibitors offers a powerful therapeutic tool in diseases such as hypertension and congestive heart failure. The control of sodium excretion and blood pressure by ANGII is exerted through multiple intrarenal as well as extrarenal effects, including stimulation of aldosterone secretion, which can influence renal excretion. Current evidence suggests that the intrarenal effects of ANGII are quantitatively more important than those mediated by aldosterone in controlling blood pressure and renal excretion. The most important intrarenal effects of ANGII include efferent arteriolar constriction as well as direct effects on sodium transport. The constrictor effect on efferent arterioles also is important in preventing reductions in GFR in circumstances associated with impaired renal perfusion. Therefore blockade of ANGII formation in circumstances such as renal artery stenosis may caused marked reductions in GFR. However, in many patients efferent arteriolar vasodilation caused by ANGII blockade may not lower GFR markedly because of other autoregulatory mechanisms that compensate by causing parallel reductions in afferent arteriolar resistance. In these individuals, chronic ACE inhibition may prove to be beneficial in slowing the progression of renal disease because a reduction in glomerular hydrostatic pressure may help to prevent glomerular damage.
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PMID:The renin-angiotensin system: renal actions and blood pressure regulation. 187 29

Sodium and water retention is characteristic of edematous disorders including cardiac failure, cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, and pregnancy. Nonosmotic vasopressin release has been implicated in the water retention of these edematous disorders. The nonosmotic release of vasopressin is consistently associated with activation of the sympathetic nervous and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems in both experimental animals and in edematous patients. Moreover, the sympathetic nervous system has been shown to be involved in the nonosmotic release of vasopressin and activation of the renin-angiotensin system. These findings have led to our proposal that body fluid volume regulation involves the dynamic interaction between cardiac output and peripheral arterial resistance. Neither total extracellular fluid volume nor blood volume is a determinant of renal sodium and water excretion. Rather, renal sodium and water retention is initiated by a decrease in effective arterial blood volume (EABV) due to either a fall in cardiac output or peripheral arterial vasodilation. The acute response to a decrease in EABV involves vasoconstriction mediated by angiotensin, sympathetic mediators, and vasopressin. The slower response to restoring EABV involves vasopressin-mediated water retention and aldosterone-mediated sodium retention. The resultant renal vasoconstriction limits the distal tubular delivery of sodium and water, thus maximizing the water-retaining effect of vasopressin and impairing the normal escape from the sodium-retaining effects of aldosterone. The elevated glomerular filtration rate and filtered sodium load in pregnancy allows increased distal sodium and water delivery in spite of a decrease in EABV, thus limiting edema formation during gestation.
Hypertension 1991 Nov
PMID:Unifying hypothesis of sodium and water regulation in health and disease. 193 81


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