Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0023890 (cirrhosis)
 42,195 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

On the basis of histological studies, it is proposed that the type of liver-cell death in piecemeal necrosis is apoptosis. The characteristic inconspicuousness of apoptosis explains why the mode of hepatocyte elimination in piecemeal necrosis has hitherto remained obscure. Cell-mediated immune attack induces apoptosis, not classical necrosis, and the occurrence of apoptosis in piecemeal necrosis links the observed morphological changes in chronic active hepatitis with the other evidence for an autoimmune pathogenesis. It is significant that apoptosis does not evoke inflammation or fibroplasia. In attempting to elucidate the cause of the fibrosis that accompanies progression to cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis, it may thus be more relevant to study the effect on fibroblasts of substances liberated during lymphocyte-hepatocyte interactions than the death of the hepatocytes.
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PMID:The nature of piecemeal necrosis in chronic active hepatitis. 9 Sep 21

The concentration of beta 2-microglobulin in serum was determined in seventy-one patients with various liver disorders. Elevated values were found in most patients with chronic active or chronic persistent hepatitis and in over 80% of patients with alcohol-induced liver cirrhosis. In contrast, patients with alcohol-induced fatty liver, the serum beta 2-microglobulin concentrations were mostly within the normal range. Significant correlation (P less than 0.001) was noted between the elimination rate of galactose from blood and the serum beta 2-microglobulin concentration in patients with alcoholic liver damage but not in patients with chronic hepatitis. The reasons for the increased S-beta 2-microglobulin concentrations in liver diseases are unknown. Several explanations including a release of beta 2-microglobulin from necrotic liver cells or an increased synthesis of beta 2-microglobulin consequent to inflammation in the liver are possible. Alternatively, raised beta 2-microglobulin levels may reflect the hepatic synthesis during reparative growth.
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PMID:Serum beta2-microglobulin in liver disease. 9 2

The prevalence of hepatitis B viral infection has been evaluated by means of a questionnaire. Contributions were made by 160 institutions from 39 countries and involved more than 400 collaborators. HBsAg was identified by a variety of test kits which were available at the time of the questionnaire. Data are presented for the prevalence of HBsAg in acute viral hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver and primary liver cancer. Wide variations in antigenaemia were identified in different countries and between the various forms of liver disease. HBsAg is positive more often in chronic hepatitis than cirrhosis. More data using sensitive tests are needed but it appears as if at least one-fifth of the world population has had a previous hepatitis B virus infection.
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PMID:OMGE--Study on prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen in different liver diseases. 9 55

A retrospective study of the HBsAg was done in 56 liver biopsies of children less than 12 year-old and 78 biopsies of adults. The study was performed by orcein stain and indirect immunofluorescent method. In 23 of the adults patients, the serological detection of HBsAg and antibodies (HbsAb) was determined by reverse passive haemagglutination technique. The adults patients' histological dianosis were variable and included acute or chronic hepatitis (20.5%) and cirrhosis (24.4%). Orcein was positive in 7 and IFI in 6 cases; 5 biopsies were positive by both methods. The highest incidence of HBsAg was seen in active cirrhosis (75%), including two cases of alcoholic cirrhosis. In the 23 serologically studied patients, 15 cases were HBsAg negative and 3 were HBsAg positive both in the liver and serum; only 2 cases showed discrepancy between these results. Three patients were HBsAb positive and HBsAg negative both in the liver and serum. All children biopsies were HBsAg negative. Among these patients, 26.8% had acute or chronic hepatitis and 10.7% cirrhosis. Serological and tissue techniques for HBsAg and HbsAb detection have different sensitivity. This should be kept in mind when studying the incidence of hepatitis B virus related to liver diseases.
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PMID:[Retrospective study in hepatic biopsies, of hepatitis B surface antigen by the orcein method and indirect immunofluorescence methods]. 9 61

The determination of enzyme activity in serum for the diagnosis of chronic hepatitis has become increasingly popular. According to the author's experience serum aminotransferase is raised in about 100% of cases of chronic active hepatitis and also in active cirrhosis, but in only about 70--80% of persisting hepatitis or in moderately active chronic hepatitis. They are frequently normal in inactive cirrhosis. After aminotransferases the alkaline phosphatase is of great importance for the differential diagnosis of icterus. If aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase are determined at the same time, every cholestatic icterus can be diagnosed with certainty.
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PMID:[Clinical enzyme diagnosis in chronic hepatitis. Possibilities and limitations (author's transl)]. 10 40

A double-antibody immunoprecipitation method was developed for detecting antibody to liver-specific membrane lipoprotein (anti-LSP) in sera of patients with various liver diseases and primary nonhepatic autoimmune diseases. Liver-specific membrane lipoprotein prepared from normal rat livers was labeled with 125I (chloramine-T) and monospecific antibody raised in rabbits. Cross-reactivity and absorption studies demonstrated that the assay used was highly specific. The frequency and titer of anti-LSP were similar for HBsAg-positive and -negative patients with both acute and chronic liver diseases. Patients with chronic active hepatitis had the highest frequenzy (25 of 44 cases, 57%) when compared with those with chronic persistent hepatitis (5 of 23 cases, 22%) and nonalcoholic cirrhosis (8 of 21 cases, 38%). Of the anti-LSP positive cases, the mean titer in patients with chronic active hepatitis tended to be the highest. In patients recovered from acute viral hepatitis, anti-LSP was transiently positive (7 of 20 cases, 35%) in the acute phase. In those who progressed to chronic hepatitis, a late rise as well as an early rise occurred in 6 of 10 patients before the diagnosis was made. Two of 6 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis had anti-LSP, but none of 41 patients with other nonviral liver diseases and none of 60 patients with primary nonhepatic autoimmune diseases. These data indicate that an autoimmune reaction directed against LSP can be initiated during the acute phase of viral hepatitis and it may persist in chronic hepatitis in both HBsAg-positive and -negative cases.
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PMID:Occurrence and significance of antibody to liver-specific membrane lipoprotein by double-antibody immunoprecipitation method in sera of patients with acute and chronic liver diseases. 10 59

Liver dysfunction was observed in 33% of patients treated by hemodialysis and kidney transplantation. Fifty-eight percent of these cases of hepatitis occurred in patients with past or present HBs antigenemia, and 77% of HBsAg-positive patients showed evidence of LD. However, during the course of a program conducted from 1969 to 1976 and involving 267 patients, the decrease in the prevalence of HBs antigenemia observed during the last two years did not lead to any reduction in LD incidence. In a small number of patients, potentially hepatotoxic drugs could be incriminated, but in our experience azathioprine never appeared to be involved. In a few patients, LD was due to granulomatous disease of the liver, such as tuberculosis and schistosomiasis. Twenty-one (7%) of the 267 patients at risk developed chronic hepatitis, which contributed to death in nine patients. In 12 cases (three deaths), this form of hepatitis occurred in HBsAg-positive patients, and in nine cases (six deaths), in HBsAg-negative patients. In three of these latter individuals, cytomegalovirus could be incriminated. Routine monthly screening for CMV in kidney recipients confirmed the high incidence of this viral infection in such patients. Studies on murine CMV infection have demonstrated that this infection can be enhanced by histoincompatible graft or by cyclophosphamide in a model that is very close to the kidney recipient. As in mice, CMV infection in kidney recipients apparently results from reactivation of a latent infection. It seems to play a major role in the LD observed and could apparently lead to chronic hepatitis and even to cirrhosis of the liver. Finally, the occurrence of LD in HBsAg-, anti-HBs- and antiCMV-negative patients would suggest the responsibility of other viruses for the pathogenesis of liver disease in patients treated by hemodialysis and kidney transplantation. Besides Epstein-Barr virus, other viruses, such as hepatitis C virus, should be thoroughly scrutinized.
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PMID:Liver disease in patients undergoing hemodialysis and kidney transplantation. 11 44

The differential diagnostic importance of CHE determination in searching for and observing the course of liver diseases is emphasized in the literature within the small and large enzyme pattern (eg. Gergs 1976). In chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis normal or almost normal values suggest a favorable prognosis. Greatly reduced CHE points to limitation of liver function and a severe form of the disease suggesting toxic influences and considerable deficiency. Rapidly falling CHE activity both in acute hepatitis and in chronic inflammations of the liver point to the danger of threatening hepatic coma.
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PMID:[Diagnostic significance of cholinesterase determination in human serum (author's transl)]. 11 40

Results of laparoscopy and scintigraphy were compared and contrasted with ultimate clinical diagnosis in 94 patients with chronic hepatitis or liver cirrhosis and 38 with liver tumours. The findings agreed in 77 cases of chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis and 33 of liver tumour. In the remainder either laparoscopy or scintigraphy gave the wrong results. In one case each of cirrhosis and liver metluded that (1) laparoscopy and scintigraphy are methods complementing but not replacing other clinical tests; (2) if diffuse liver disease is suspected clinically the diagnosis can essentially be done only by laparoscopy and selective biopsy or blind liver biopsy but not scintigraphy; (o) if a circumscribed condition is suspected, scintigraphy is among the most important screening tests, but cannot replace laparoscopy, biopsy or angiography for confirming the diagnosis; (4) liver scan is an important method, of little stress to the patient, in following the progress of chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis, additional to clinical examination, enzyme tests, laparoscopy and histology.
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PMID:[Comparison of laparoscopic and scintigraphic findings in chronic hep-titis, liver cirrhosis and liver tumours (author's transl)]. 12 31

Purified and concentrated preparations of Australia antigen had no stimulating effect on leukocytes of human subjects under study when tested either on DNA-polymerase activity, 3H-thymidine uptake or chromosomal alterations. Moreover, in patients with chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis of the liver no correlation between antigenemia and chromosome aberrations in blood leukocyte cultures could be detected. On the other hand, a serum obtained from a virus hepatitis patient with Australia antigen in the blood was found to stimulate leukocyte cultures from one patient with Down's syndrome and antigenemia, one mentally retarded patient and three normal donors. This stimulating agent is obviously not associated with Australia antigen.
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PMID:Investigation of the nature of Australia antigen. I: The absence of biological activity of Australia antigen in human blood leukocyte culture. 12 42


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