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Query: UMLS:C0023890 (cirrhosis)
 42,195 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Application of sensitive radioimmunoassays for the detection of hepatitis A and B viruses has demonstrated that up to 25% of cases of acute sporadic hepatitis and up to 90% of cases of posttransfusion hepatitis cannot be classified by etiologic agent and warrant designation as non-A, non-B hepatitis. Epidemiologic studies have indicated a pattern of transmission similar to that of hepatitis B virus, with predominance of parenteral routes of spread. Spontaneous resolution of acute infection fails to occur in up to 60% of patients; a chronic asymptomatic but infectious carrier state is recognized. Although the chronic hepatitis is usually mild, a potential for progression to cirrhosis has been described. Transmission studies in chimpanzees have suggested the existence of at least two non-A, non-B agents, which produce strain-specific ultrastructural changes in the hepatocyte and confer a homologous immunity. Multiple assay systems for detecting putative viral antigens have been developed, but their specificity has not been confirmed. Elimination of blood procured by contract from commercial blood banks diminishes the risk of posttransfusion hepatitis and is recommended for prophylaxis. Although the effectiveness of immune serum globulin in the prevention of sporadic disease has not been established, its administration should be considered after exposure to incriminated blood, in spouses during the acute illness, and in neonates of infected mothers.
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PMID:Hepatitis non A, non B. Manifestations and implications of acute and chronic disease. 681 5

THREE FORMS OF VIRAL HEPATITIS CAN BE RECOGNIZED: hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis non-A, non-B. Hepatitis A is caused by a picornavirus, is transmitted by the faceal-oral route, does not become chronic, and no chronic virus carriers exist. The virus can be grown in cell cultures, and killed as well as live attenuated virus vaccines are under development. Hepatitis B is caused by an enveloped virus containing a circular, double-stranded form of DNA. The disease is transmitted parenterally through inoculation of blood or blood products containing virus or through close personal contact with a virus-positive person. Hepatitis B becomes chronic in a certain number of cases and can lead to cirrhosis and primary liver cell carcinoma. The blood and certain body secretions of individuals with a persistent or chronic infection may remain infectious for many years. The hepatitis B virus cannot be grown in cell cultures but the entire genome has been sequenced and cloned in bacterial and eukaryotic cells. An inactivated virus vaccine has been prepared from hepatitis B surface antigen present in the plasma of hepatitis B virus carriers and further vaccines are under development. The agents of hepatitis non-A, non-B have not been identified. It is possible to distinguish between a predominantly parenterally transmitted and an orally transmitted form of hepatitis non-A, non-B. The latter is reported to be caused by a picornavirus that does not, however, have any antigenic relationship with hepatitis A virus.
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PMID:Viral hepatitis. 681 33

Although many viral agents may be associated with inflammatory hepatic changes, the vast majority of clinically important viral hepatitis is caused by hepatitis A, hepatitis B and the non A, non B agents. Infection of the liver of man by these hepatotropic agents is still a major public health problem in all parts of the world and constitutes a major hazard of the transfusion of blood and plasma derivatives. The magnitude of this hepatitis problem is not only documented by the about 200 million carriers of the hepatitis-B virus throughout the world, many of them asymptomatic, but also by the fact, that hepatitis B and non A, non B may progress to chronic liver disease, including cirrhosis and probably primary liver cancer. Potentially important pathogenetic determinants include viral factors such as subtype, dosage and mode of transmission and host factors such as age, sex, preexisting liver disease, coexisting non-liver disease (diabetes etc.), genetics and immune response to viral or autoantigens. As the virus itself seems not directly cytopathic, the diversity of lesions has been attributed to variation in the capacity of the host's response.
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PMID:[Virus-induced liver diseases in humans. I. Viral hepatitis]. 681 82

Two hundred and twenty-six patients suspected of having liver disease were examined clinically, by a liver biopsy and laboratory test, according to a prospective scheme. Blood samples obtained just before the liver biopsy were coded and subsequently examined blindly, using the complement fixation test (CFT). The antigens were influenza A and B viruses, parainfluenza 1, 2, and 3, respiratory syncytial viruses, varicella, morbilli, cytomegalo and herpes simplex viruses. The sera were also examined by the CFT against Mycoplasma pneumoniae antigen. Antibodies against rubella virus were determined in a haemolysis-in-gel test. HBsAg and HBsAb were determined by a staphylococcal radioimmunoassay, and sera from patients with chronic active hepatitis (CAH) and chronic persistent hepatitis (CPH) were also examined for antibodies against hepatitis A virus by radioimmunoassay. Highly significant antibody titres against morbilli virus were found in patients with CAH and CPH. Patients with CPH or liver cirrhosis also had significantly higher titres against rubella virus than other groups. Some patients with liver granulomas had high titres against rubella virus. Only in one patient with CAH was a positive test for HBsAg found, and in one a positive test for HBsAb. Seven patients in the CAH and CPH groups had very high titres against both rubella and morbilli viruses.
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PMID:Virus antibodies in the serum of patients with liver disease. 713 37

Serum samples from 130 patients with chronic (persistent or active) hepatitis, including cirrhosis, and 70 patients with chronic alcoholic disease, all confirmed by biopsy, were examined by counter electrophoresis (CEP) for HBsAg. The patients were residents in the South-Transdanubian region of Hungary. Of the former 25%, of the latter 3%, proved positive. In 138 of the cases, 4 different tests were performed, viz. CEP, complement fixation, reverse passive haemagglutination (RPH) and radioimmunoassay (RIA). The results were positive in 24, 36, 43 and 60%, respectively, in chronic hepatitis and in 4, 6, 8 and 14%, respectively, in cases of alcoholic origin. Serum samples from the same patients were tested for anti-HBs and anti-HBc. Positive anti-HBs was found in 24% of the patients with chronic hepatitis and in 26% of those with alcoholic liver disease. The presence of anti-HBc was demonstrated in 42% and 38%, respectively. Joint evaluation of RPH-positive and anti-HBc positive cases on the one hand and of RIA-positive and anti-HBc positive cases on the other resulted in 68% and 71% HB virus-related positivity, respectively. The present study failed to furnish evidence in support of the presence of hepatitis A virus of its involvement in the aetiology of chronic liver disease.
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PMID:Serologic studies of hepatitis viruses for their aetiologic role in chronic liver disease. 745 11

So far little was known on the epidemiology of hepatitis A, B, C and of AIDS in Cambodia and especially not in the rural area of Takeo. Therefore serological markers for past or ongoing infections with the disease causing viruses were measured in 559 healthy individuals (305 adults, 200 children and 54 mothers of children with liver disorders) and in 185 individuals (103 adults and 82 children) with liver or kidney diseases. In none of the 744 samples tested was anti-HIV detected. 10-37% of the children and 73% of the adults showed HBV-markers, HBsAg being detectable in 2-14% of the children and in 8% of the adults. The prevalence for anti-HCV was 6.5% in the adults with a predilection in males (9%). No markers for HCV infections were found in children. Growing, age related proportions of children (27-97%) and 100% of the adults were anti-HAV IgG positive. HBsAg was detected in 46% of the adults with acute hepatitis, in 45% of those with chronic hepatitis/liver cirrhosis and in 90% of patients with hepato-cellular carcinoma (HCC). In children the corresponding figures were 18% for acute hepatitis and 18% for chronic hepatitis. Patients with acute hepatitis or HCC had a similar prevalence of anti-HCV as healthy individuals. However, 34% of the adult patients with chronic hepatitis/cirrhosis showed signs of a HCV-infection. When the data were analysed with respect to modes of viral transmission, crowding, transmission by unsafe sexual practice or contaminated injection material, and to a lesser extent vertical transmission, seem to be relevant for HBV. The main mode of acquiring HCV infection is probably through medical injections of all sorts, a habit which is very popular in Takeo. Prophylactic measures should concentrate on the prevention of HBV and HCV infections by hygienic means. HBV mass vaccination should be considered in the future.
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PMID:Prevalence of markers of hepatitis viruses A, B, C and of HIV in healthy individuals and patients of a Cambodian province. 750 85

In Shashi District, 2084 blood donors and 890 patients with liver diseases have been tested for anti-HCV antibody by using the second generation reagent. As a result, the blood donors showed a positive rate of 0.29% and the patients with liver diseases 1.35%. This indicated that HCV virus infection was present in Shashi District, and the infection is relatively low. Positive result was not found among 432 patients with hepatitis A and 8 patients with acute hepatitis B, while 11 out of 443 patients with chronic hepatitis B showed positive result with a positive rate of 2.48%. One of five patients with active cirrhosis of liver was positive for anti-HCV antibody. It indicates that the mixed or cross HCV infection might lead to chronicity of the HCV infection and active cirrhosis.
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PMID:[Investigation on anti-HCV antibody in Shashi District]. 751 48

In a prospective study, 102 hospital patients with liver disease were evaluated in West Cameroon, Africa. Blood donors, pregnant women and patients without liver disease served as controls. A total of 757 individuals were tested for markers of hepatitis A, B, C and D and for immunological markers (autoantibodies, procollagen III, alpha-foetoprotein, CA50 antigen, alpha-1-antitrypsin and antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2). One-third of the liver disease patients had focal lesions on ultrasound examination. Histologically, 20 cases of cirrhosis, 14 cases of chronic hepatitis, 15 hepatocellular carcinomas and 17 cases of acute hepatitis were detected. All hepatic patients and virtually all controls had had a previous hepatitis A virus infection. Over 85% of adult patients and controls had at least one marker of hepatitis B virus infection. Over 30% of patients with liver disease had markers of possible hepatitis B virus replication. Antihepatitis C virus antibody was present in 18% of hepatic patients and in 6% of controls. Hepatitis C virus infection seems to play an important role in the development of chronic liver pathology; 40% of cirrhotic patients had a combined hepatitis B and C virus infection. Serum autoantibodies were frequently found and were not correlated with the presence of autoimmune liver disease.
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PMID:Liver pathology in rural south-west Cameroon. 757 Aug 83

Blood serum ferritin levels were measured by indirect hemagglutination test in patients with diseases of the liver, bile duct, and gastrointestinal tract. Ferritin levels were found increased in the majority of patients, though to a different measure. Its concentrations were the highest in patients with virus hepatitis A, cirrhosis of the liver, and reactive nonspecific hepatitis, normalizing in the course of treatment, These data prompt the use of ferritin measurements in the diagnosis, monitoring the course of treatment, and prediction of the outcomes of acute and chronic diseases of the liver, bile duct, and gastrointestinal tract.
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PMID:[The assessment of the ferritin level in gastroenterological diseases]. 762 Jul 92

The association between viral hepatitis and pregnancy is not common, nevertheless it has been described that hepatitis is the most frequent cause of jaundice in pregnant women. In this article the current knowledge on the perinatal repercussions of the different types of viral hepatitis are reviewed. Hepatitis A is rare during pregnancy and is not associated with perinatal risk. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) can be transmitted transplacentally, 20 per cent of the children infected by this route will develop liver cirrhosis or carcinoma in the adult age, so the infants of HBsAg carrier mothers must be immunized at born. The perinatal transmission of hepatitis C virus has been proved but the repercussion in the fetus or newborn is unknown. Hepatitis D virus can only be transmitted from mother to child together with HBV. Hepatitis E has been associated with a mortality of 10 to 40 per cent in pregnant women.
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PMID:[The behavior and perinatal impact of viral hepatitis in pregnancy]. 771 69


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