Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0023890 (cirrhosis)
 42,195 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Viral hepatitis is a major public health problem in all parts of the world, with hepatitis B (HB) as the most important of all the viral hepatitides. It is estimated that worldwide there are nearly 300 million carriers of HB markers of active infection. More than 40% of persistently infected persons who survive into adult life will die of the consequences of HB, such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The vaccines available against HB have an impressive record of safety and efficacy, and the best means of controlling the infection on a global scale, including the reduction of mortality due to its sequelae, will be by mass immunization of infants. In areas where most infections are acquired early in life the vaccine should be administered shortly after birth, and HB immunization should be integrated into the Expanded Programme on Immunization.Progress has been made also in developing hepatitis A vaccines and in isolating the agents that induce hepatitis non-A non-B.
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PMID:Progress in the control of viral hepatitis: memorandum from a WHO meeting. 297 66

An epidemic of hepatitis A occurred around Hondo City, Kumamoto Prefecture in Japan during the first six months of 1982. Clinical, immunological and epidemiological studies were carried out in 225 cases. Cases were distributed over a relatively wide area, and in small numbers of young children and school children. More than half of the patients were in their twenties or thirties. The clinical course was generally favorable with rapid resolution. No episode lasted more than six months. There was only one fatality in a cure which was a carrier of HBs antigen with liver cirrhosis. Titers of IgM anti-HAV measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) or enzyme immunoassay (EIA) reached a peak during the second week after onset, followed by a gradual decrease. Conversion to negative results was never experienced within two months. We found a good correlation between RIA and EIA in terms of detecting IgM anti-HAV. The route of infection was thought to be fecal-oral in nature, with ingestion of raw oysters the major etiologic factor.
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PMID:An epidemic of hepatitis A related to ingestion of raw oysters. 299 Oct 67

Evidence for the existence of human hepatitis agents besides HAV and HBV is compelling. Transmitted predominantly by transfusion and percutaneous inoculation, the type of NANB hepatitis encountered most frequently is epidemiologically similar to type B hepatitis. NANB hepatitis accounts for more than 90% of TAH, but can be transmitted by nonpercutaneous routes as well. Approximately 15 to 30% of sporadic hepatitis cases are attributable by serologic exclusion to NANB hepatitis agents, and, in addition, there is an epidemic form of NANB hepatitis that resembles hepatitis A epidemiologically in its transmission by the enteric route. Clinical features of the predominantly percutaneously transmitted forms of NANB hepatitis are similar to those of hepatitis B, but tend to be less severe during acute illness, on the one hand, but to lead more frequently to chronic hepatitis, on the other; 40 to 60% of patients with TAH have chronic elevations of aminotransferase activity, often in an episodic, fluctuating pattern. CAH can be identified histologically in a majority of patients with chronic NANB TAH. Despite a relatively quiescent course, progression of such chronic cases may be quite insidious; cirrhosis occurs in 10 to 20% of patients with chronic hepatitis after acute TAH. The frequency of chronic liver disease after nonpercutaneously acquired sporadic NANB hepatitis tends to be lower, on the order of 10% or less, and chronic hepatitis has not been recorded after the epidemic type of NANB hepatitis. Evidence supports the existence of an asymptomatic chronic NANB hepatitis carrier state that is several-fold more frequent than the chronic HBV carrier state. Neither viruses nor virus markers have been described that fulfill accepted criteria reproducibly for a specific causal association with NANB hepatitis; on the other hand, evidence suggests (but does not prove) the existence of two different blood-borne NANB hepatitis agents and, in addition, an enterically transmitted NANB hepatitis agent. Effective therapy for and immunoprophylaxis against NANB hepatitis are lacking. Until specific screening tests are developed, interim screening based on indirect, nonvirus-specific tests may be the only practical approach to minimizing the frequency of NANB hepatitis after transfusion. Identification of virus-specific serologic markers remains a high priority.
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PMID:Non-A, non-B hepatitis: evolving epidemiologic and clinical perspective. 301 84

The clinical value of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of anti-HBc IgM was evaluated by testing 202 sera from acute viral hepatitis B (AVHB), hepatitis B (HB), chronic hepatitis (CAH), chronic liver disease (CLD), cirrhosis, primary hepatoma, HBsAg carrier, acute viral hepatitis A (AVHA), hepatitis A (HA), non-A, non-B (NANB) hepatitis and miscellaneous conditions other than hepatic disease, and 19 additional various hepatic disease cases were examined for anti-delta. In clinical situations the accurate diagnosis of HB is not always possible and the differential diagnosis seems to be very important especially in making decisions of treatment and estimation of prognosis. In overall cases the highest positive rate of anti-HBc IgM was found in AVHB as shown as 74.3% (26/35) comparing to other conditions in which the positive rate was extremely low (2.1%). The anti-HBc IgM appeared to be highly specific to AVHB (83.9%) as compared to the other. The positive rate of HBsAg was high in AVHB, CAH and HBsAg carrier (100.0%) followed by CLD, cirrhosis and HB (up to 70.8%). The ALT activities and ALPalb fractions were significantly high in AVHB (p less than 0.005). The correlation between the positivity of anti-HBc IgM and highly abnormal ALT appeared be high. AVHB was confined mostly to 10-20 age group and the male to female ratio was about 6 to 1. Subgroup of AVHB II with positive anti-HBc IgM appeared to have a greater chance being positive for HBsAg and ALPalb. The S/N ratio of anti-HBc IgM was as high as 20 which was unique to AVHB.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Anti-HBc IgM and anti-delta screening by EIA method. 307 4

A hepatitis non-A,non-B-associated substance (HNANB-AS) excreted in feces has been detected by means of a sandwich radioimmunoassay using reconvalescent serum and IgG from patients with posttransfusion HNANB. 4380 stool filtrates from 1599 patients were screened with this assay. In patients with posttransfusion or sporadic acute and chronic HNANB the substance was detected with a mean frequency of 34%, in acute posttransfusion HNANB, where samples were screened at the beginning of the clinical symptoms, 71.4% of stool specimens were positive for HNANB-AS. A high frequency of positive results was found in patients undergoing dialysis (31.3%), hemophiliacs (16.6%) and patients with cryptogenic cirrhosis (16%). Positive specimens were seen in hepatitis A (7.1%), acute and chronic HBV-infection (9.6%), various liver diseases (7.8%), outpatients of a physician (3.1%) and clinical or laboratory staff (6%). In these groups, too, anamnestic data speaking in favour for a possible HNANB frequently were obtained. The discovery of a partially double-stranded circular DNA of 5.0 Kb in HNANB-AS which sequence differs from human, bacterial and known viral DNA, argues the presence of a viral particle in stools of patients with sporadic and parenteral HNANB.
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PMID:[Hepatitis non-A, non-B-associated substance in stool from patients with posttransfusion and sporadic hepatitis]. 313 77

Carbohydrate antigens (CA-19.9 and CA-125) levels were assayed in patients suffering rectal, ovarian, breast and hepatic carcinoma, severe recurrent hepatitis A, chronic persistent hepatitis B, hepatic cirrhosis and in cases of normal pregnancy. Patients with early-stage cancer usually failed to reveal the said antigens. This was also the case in some patients with clinically manifest tumor. Clinical application of said assay may improve postoperative monitoring cancer patients. Cancer was more frequently associated with increased level of CA-19.9 than with that of CA-125.
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PMID:[Place of carbohydrate antigens in the spectrum of protein tumor markers in patients with tumors at different sites]. 342 24

The development of chronic viral liver disease is associated with increased deposition of connective tissue in the liver. The aminoterminal propeptide of procollagen type III (P-III-NP) is considered to reflect the metabolism of collagen type III, one of the major collagen types in liver fibrosis. The purpose of the present study was to elucidate, whether S-P-III-NP in patients with viral hepatitis was related to injury and repair processes in the liver. S-P-III-NP was determined in a prospective longitudinal study of 63 patients with acute viral hepatitis followed to healing or development of chronic liver disease. Two assays were applied. The P-III-NP Ria-gnost assay, which measures mainly the intact propeptide, and the P-III-NP Fab-assay, in which the antibody exhibits equal affinity to the intact propeptide as well as the degradation product col 1. At the onset of viral hepatitis, S-P-III-NP determined in either assay was equally elevated in the two groups. From the second month of follow-up, significantly higher levels in both assays were observed in patients developing chronic disease. During follow-up, the highest P-III-NP RIA-gnost values were seen in patients with chronic active hepatitis, and active cirrhosis. S-P-III-NP decreased towards normal levels during development of inactive cirrhosis. In the individual patient, S-P-III-NP Ria-gnost was positively related to transaminases. During follow-up of uncomplicated hepatitis a normalization of transaminases occurred before normalization of S-P-III-NP RIA-gnost. Considering, that S-P-III-NP, in contrast to the conventional laboratory variables, reflects the metabolism of type III collagen, it is assumed that determination of S-P-III-NP may provide new information on fibrogenesis in viral liver disease.
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PMID:Serum aminoterminal procollagen type III peptide in acute viral hepatitis. A long-term follow-up study. 361 81

1000 consecutive blood donors had their liver functions studied. 110 donors (11%) were found to have raised ALT of more than twice normal levels. 29 donors had liver biopsies done. Histologically 23 had fatty change, 5 had chronic persistent hepatitis and 1 had liver cirrhosis. Fourteen out of the 23 donors with fatty change also had hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia. Viral serology of the 110 donors showed that 3 donors were HBsAg positive, 5 donors were Anti-HAV (IgM) positive and 20 donors were Anti-HBc (IgM) positive. Majority of donors with raised ALT had fatty liver on biopsy with only 6 donors having significant findings of chronic persistent hepatitis and cirrhosis. Serologically, most of the donors (74.5%) with raised ALT had no markers of Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, CMV or EBV. An interesting finding is the high incidence (18%) of positive, Anti HBc (IgM) in donors with raised ALT.
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PMID:Liver disease in blood donors with raised transaminases. 375 95

Hepatitis A is an acute fecal-spread disease without chronicity. Gamma immunoglobulin is preventative. Eventually a vaccine will be used for those in developed countries, who have not acquired antibody in childhood. Hepatitis B is a blood-borne disease which can lead to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. It is carried worldwide by many millions, especially in South-East Asia, the Pacific, Africa, and Southern Europe. Australian Aboriginals have a very high carrier rate. It also affects drug abusers, many partner homosexuals, and hospital workers in contact with blood. A safe vaccine is effective and particularly valuable for babies born to carrier mothers. Treatment of chronic hepatitis depends on whether the patient is in the replicative ('e' antigen positive) stage, where anti-viral therapy might be considered, or in the integrated ('e' antibody positive) stage where a trial of corticosteroids may be justifiable. Non-A, non-B hepatitis is a diagnosis of exclusion. There is no diagnostic test and no proven therapy. There are probably at least four types, parenteral short and long incubation and enteric sporadic and epidemic.
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PMID:Acute and chronic viral hepatitis revisited. 392 11

We measured serum markers of hepatitis B virus replication in two HBsAg-, HBeAg-positive hepatitis B carriers with chronic active hepatitis and cirrhosis. The first of these patients was HBsAg-, HBeAg-, HBV DNA- and HBV DNA polymerase-positive initially and spontaneously lost HBV DNA polymerase and HBV DNA. During the HBeAg-positive, DNA polymerase-negative "window phase", an increase in viral replication, characterized by the reappearance of HBV DNA and HBV DNA polymerase occurred, together with an aggravation of the underlying chronic hepatitis. In the second HBsAg-, HBeAg-positive carrier, spontaneous fluctuations in HBV replication were associated with clinical deterioration. Delta agent and hepatitis A virus superinfection were excluded. These observations suggest that spontaneous low-grade fluctuations of HBV replication accompanied by an increase in the biochemical activity of the underlying chronic hepatitis can be observed in certain HBV carriers.
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PMID:Clinical and serological events accompanying changes in hepatitis B viral replication: case reports. 399 35


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