Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0023890 (cirrhosis)
 42,195 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Sixteen cases of chronic Q fever are described. In eight there was a history of exposure to infection from farms or farm products. All had valvular heart disease, involving the mitral valve in nine and the aortic valve in seven. Infection occurred on a prosthetic valve in two patients. Arterial embolism was common. Venous thrombosis occured in three patients, and pulmonary embolism occurred in three other patients. Complement fixing antibodies to phase 1 antigen were found in a titre of 1:200 or greater in all except two patients. In one of these post-mortem examination revealed rickettsial bodies in mitral valve vegetations, and in the other Coxiella burneti was isolated from heart valve tissue. The majority presented with infective endocarditis but two presented primarily with liver disease. All patients had evidence of liver involvement and in one this led to death from cirrhosis. Abnormal tests of liver function, particularly hyperglobulinaemia, raised alkaline phsophatase and abnormal bromsulphthalein retention were found in all patients. Hepatic histology was abnormal in all eight patients in whom it was studied. The commonest features were mononuclear cell infiltration of the portal tracts and prominence of the sinusoidal Kupffer cells. Patchy focal necrosis of parenchymal cells, granulomata, fatty change, and eosinophilia of the sinusoidal walls were also noted in several patients and cirrhosis developed in one. Six patients had a purpuric rash, and in 12 there was thrombocytopenia. It is suggested that the presence of hepatomegaly and liver involvement and thrombocytopenia may help to differentiate Q fever endocarditis from bacterial endocarditis. Raised serum IgM and IgA levels occured frequently, but with only a moderate dominance of IgM. Sheep cell agglutination and latex fixation tests for rheumatoid factor were occasionally positive. Several features of the disease suggest the possibility that immune-complex mechanisms may play a role in chronic Q fever. Treatment was with prolonged courses of tetracycline usually combined with lincomycin. Seven patients underwent valve replacement surgery for haemodynamic reasons. Five patients died; two from heart failure, one from cirrhosis, one seven days after valve replacement and one from intraperitoneal haemorrhage following percutaneous liver biopsy. Three patients have survived for more than five years, and another six for more than three and a half years after diagnosis. Of these nine patients, three received medical therapy alone and six required valve replacement as well. Antibiotics have been discontinued in four patients who have had valve surgery and three others. Six patients had received antibiotics for continuous periods varying from 29-62 months. In the period after stopping therapy varying from 15-21 months, no relapse has occured. A seventh patient, who had received antibiotics for four months prior to valve replacement, has survived 43 months after the withdrawal of antibiotics...
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PMID:Chronic Q fever. 94 Sep 18

To evaluate the clinical and microbiological features of infective endocarditis in patients with cirrhosis we compared 18 episodes of endocarditis in these patients with a control group of patients without liver disease. In 61% of patients with cirrhosis the origin of infection was unknown. Four patients developed endocarditis as a consequence of bladder catheterizations and two after hepatic biopsy. None of the four with previously known valvular heart disease had received antibiotic prophylaxis during these procedures. As compared with the control group, the patients with cirrhosis had more infections by enterococci (38.8% vs 11%; p less than 0.007) and non-viridans streptococci (38.8% vs 7.4%; p less than 0.001) and significantly less infections by viridans streptococci (11% vs 42.5%; p less than 0.01). The mortality rate associated with endocarditis was 38.8% and 22% in patients with and without cirrhosis, respectively (less than 0.1; NS). Infective endocarditis in patients with cirrhosis is often a complication of diagnostic or therapeutic procedures and has distinctive microbiological features.
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PMID:[Infectious endocarditis in patients with liver cirrhosis]. 262 60

Transient bacteremia during and after endoscopic procedures is a well- documented phenomenon, but complicated bacteremia such as endocarditis in patients at risk is considered to be extremely rare. The recommendations for prophylaxis before endoscopy in patients with valvular heart disease were recently released. We discuss 16 cases of complicated bacteremia that developed after endoscopy (eight cases previously published in the literature and eight cases we encountered). The endoscopic procedures were gastroscopy (five cases), sclerotherapy (six cases), sigmoidoscopy (three cases), and esophageal dilation (two cases). Fourteen patients had underlying disease: valvular heart disease (six patients), cirrhosis of the liver (five patients, one of whom also had a prosthetic knee), valvular heart disease and cirrhosis of the liver (two patients), and gastric carcinoma (one patient). The organisms involved were Streptococcus viridans (six cases), streptococcus group D (three cases), Streptococcus pneumoniae (two cases), Streptococcus microaerophilicus (two cases), Staphylococcus aureus (two cases), and Cardiobacterium hominis (one case). The patients presented with the following infections: endocarditis (12 patients), spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (two patients), septic arthritis (one patient), and brain abscess (one patient). The outcome was good in 15 patients; one patient died. Patients with valvular heart disease, cirrhosis of the liver, ascites, malignancies, or prosthetic joints who undergo endoscopic procedures should be considered for antibiotic prophylaxis.
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PMID:Serious bacterial infections after endoscopic procedures. 860 64

Perioperative management of patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing open heart surgery (3 males and 1 female, mean age 57.3 years) was evaluated. All 4 patients had NYHA class III acquired valvular heart disease accompanied by severe tricuspid regurgitation, and the operation was a redo operation in 3 of them. Preoperatively, the total serum bilirubin was 1.7 mg/dl, ICGR15 24.3 +/- 1.7%, and blood platelet count was 83,000 +/- 19,000/m3. The postoperative course was uneventful in 2 patients who maintained good cardiac function and did not require homologous blood transfusion. The other two patients who underwent a re-redo operation, sustained a large volume of hemorrhage, and required massive transfusion showed severe postoperative complications (respiratory failure in 1, multiple organ failure in 1). The stage of the disease improved to NYHA class I in all 3 patients who survived the operation. Comprehensive measures including avoidance of massive hemorrhage, preservation of the hepatic blood flow, resolution of hepatic congestion, and prevention of complications such as digestive tract bleeding, infections, and renal failure are considered to be needed for prevention of postoperative liver failure. Especially, sufficient surgical hemostasis and autologous platelet rich plasma were useful for prevention of massive hemorrhage.
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PMID:[Perioperative management in patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing open heart surgery]. 891 65

Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia is associated with substantial morbidity. Recurrence is common, but incidence and risk factors for recurrence are uncertain. The emergence of methicillin resistance and the ease of administering vancomycin, especially in patients who have renal insufficiency, have led to reliance on this drug with the assumption that it is as effective as beta-lactam antibiotics, an assumption that remains open to debate. We initiated a multicenter, prospective observational study in 6 university hospitals and enrolled 505 consecutive patients with S. aureus bacteremia. All patients were monitored for 6 months and patients with endocarditis were followed for 3 years. Recurrence was defined as return of S. aureus bacteremia after documentation of negative blood cultures and/or clinical improvement after completing a course of antistaphylococcal antibiotic therapy. All blood isolates taken from patients with recurrent bacteremia underwent pulsed-field gel electrophoresis testing. Recurrence was subclassified as reinfection (different pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns) or relapse (same pulsed-field gel electrophoresis pattern).Forty-two patients experienced 56 episodes of recurrence (79% were relapses and 21% were reinfection). Relapse occurred earlier than reinfection (median, 36 versus 99 d, p < 0.06). Risk factors for relapse of S. aureus bacteremia included valvular heart disease, cirrhosis of the liver, and deep-seated infection (including endocarditis). Nafcillin was superior to vancomycin in preventing bacteriologic failure (persistent bacteremia or relapse) for methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) bacteremia. Failure to remove infected intravascular devices/catheters and vancomycin therapy were common factors in patients experiencing multiple (greater than 2) relapses. However, by multivariate analysis, only endocarditis and therapy with vancomycin (versus nafcillin) were significantly associated with relapse. Recurrences occurred in 9.4% of S. aureus bacteremias following antistaphylococcal therapy, and most were relapses. Duration of antistaphylococcal therapy was not associated with relapse, but type of antibiotic therapy was. Nafcillin was superior to vancomycin in efficacy in patients with MSSA bacteremia.
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PMID:Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: recurrence and the impact of antibiotic treatment in a prospective multicenter study. 1453 Jul 82

Transient bacteremia associated with various endoscopic procedures is a well-documented phenomenon. Clinically important bacteremias are very rarely seen, however, this malady has significant morbidity in susceptible patients with valvular heart disease, liver cirrhosis, malignancy and immune deficiency. This bacteremia is a complication that is generally observed secondary to upper endoscopy and other associated invasive procedures in at risk patients, and the more serious manifestations include spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, septic arthritis, meningitis, brain abscess and infective endocarditis. Infective endocarditis is an extremely rare complication of gastrointestinal endoscopy, and it has been convincingly documented in only seven cases. We report a case of native valve endocarditis due to Streptococcus intermedius in a patient with valvular heart disease as a consequence of routine upper endoscopy.
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PMID:Subacute bacterial endocarditis associated with upper endoscopy. 1551 8

Liver cirrhosis is a complex and progressive disease associated with high mortality. In developing countries, alcoholic liver disease is the most common form of liver cirrhosis, followed by chronic viral disease, especially hepatitis C virus infection. Cirrhosis is associated with systemic and splanchnic hemodynamic abnormalities, including increased vascular volume, decreased systemic vascular resistance, and increased cardiac output. At the splanchnic vascular bed, increases in portal flow and intrahepatic resistance have been described, inducing portal hypertension. Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a progressive disease of pulmonary circulation, without left ventricle and valvular heart disease; it is closely related with structural changes in pulmonary arteries. Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension is related to abnormalities in cellular signals, inducing arterial hypertrophy and increased vascular tone. Porto-pulmonary hypertension includes simultaneous portal and pulmonary arterial hypertension. To confirm disease, it is important to exclude concomitant heart disease. Porto-pulmonary hypertension requires important components: portal hypertension, shear vascular stress, and cellular activation with pulmonary arterial hypertrophy. In this short manuscript, the epidemiology, patho-physiology, and diagnostic criteria of the disease are reviewed to optimize early diagnosis and treatment.
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PMID:[Epidemiology, physiopathology and diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension in hepatic (PH) cirrhosis]. 2262 15

New and extended indications, older age, higher cardiovascular risk, and the long-standing cirrhosis-associated complications mandate specific skills for an appropriate preoperative assessment of the liver transplant (LT) candidate. The incidence of cardiac diseases (dysrhythmias, cardiomyopathies, coronary artery disease, valvular heart disease) are increasing among LT recipients: however, no consensus exists among clinical practice guidelines for cardiovascular screening and risk stratification. In spite of different "transplant center-centered protocols", basic "pillars" are common (electrocardiography, baseline echocardiography, functional assessment). Owing to intrinsic limitations, yields and relevance of noninvasive stress tests, under constant scrutiny even if used, are discussed, focusing the definition of the "high risk" candidate and exploring noninvasive imaging and new forms of stress imaging. The aim is to find an appropriate and rational stepwise algorithm. The final commitment is to select the right candidate for a finite resource, the graft, able to save (and change) lives.
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PMID:Preoperative cardiac assessment in liver transplant candidates. 3233 87