Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0023890 (cirrhosis)
 42,195 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Plasma and 24-h urinary adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) and guanosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cyclic GMP) were measured by radioimmunoassay in 12 normal subjects, 33 patients with six types of non-neoplastic disease (cholelithiasis, peptic ulcer, coronary heart disease, hypertension, regional ileitis, and cirrhosis), and 34 patients with five types of disseminated neoplastic disease (acute myelocytic leukemia; Hodgkin's disease; and metastatic cancer of the lung, colon, and breast). In patients with non-neoplastic disease, cyclic nucleotide values in plasma and urine did not differ significantly (P greater than 0.05) from those in normal subjects. In patients with disseminated cancer, cyclic AMP values in plasma and urine likewise did not differ significantly from those in normal subjects. Plasma cyclic GMP, in contrast, was significantly elevated in all five types of cancer patients, and urinary cyclic GMP was significantly elevated (five times the normal mean) in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia and Hodgkin's disease.
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PMID:Plasma and urine cyclic guanosine 3':5'-monophosphate in disseminated cancer. 22 52

From 1951 to 1971 male doctors reduced their cigarette smoking more than did men in social classes I and II combined. In 1970-2, 665 male doctors died aged under 65. Had they shown the same improvements in cause-specific death rates over the 20 years as men in classes I and II, 699 deaths would have been expected. This "saving" of 34 deaths in the doctors comprised savings from coronary heart disease (83), stroke (16), and lung cancer (8) balanced by 60 "losses" from three stress-related causes--namely, accident, poisonings, etc (30); suicide (26); and cirrhosis of the liver (4)--plus 13 from other causes. As a relative reduction in mortality from heart disease in doctors (as compared with that in social classes I and II) also occurred during 1931-51--that is, before they began to give up smoking--some of the saving in heart-disease deaths in 1951-71 was probably not related to changes in smoking habits. The relative worsening in mortality from stress-related diseases may have been due partly to a possible adverse effect of giving up smoking if smoking had acted to reduce stress. From these findings, the benefits of giving up smoking may not be so great as has commonly been assumed.
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PMID:Has the mortality of male doctors improved with the reductions in their cigarette smoking? 53 59

In the contemporary United States, mortality is 60% higher for males than for females. Forty percent of the excess of male mortality is due to arteriosclerotic heart disease, which is more common among men in part because they smoke cigarettes more than women do, and apparently also because they more often develop the competitive, aggressive Coronary Prone Behavior Pattern. Men who do not develop this Behavior Pattern may have as low a risk of coronary heart disease as comparable women. Oophorectomy of young women may increase the risk of coronary heart disease, but administration of female hormones generally does not reduce risk. One third of the sex differential in mortality is due to men's higher rates of suicide, fatal motor vehicle and other accidents, cirrhosis of the liver, respiratory cancers and emphysema. Each of these causes of death is linked to behaviours which are encouraged or accepted more in males than in females: using guns, drinking alcohol, smoking, working at hazardous jobs, and seeming to be fearless. Thus, the behaviors expected of males in our society make a major contribution to their elevated mortality.
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PMID:Why do women liver longer than men? 101 12

The aim of this study was to compare the causes of death and parameters related to alcohol consumption, between subjects diagnosed as diabetic, clinically by their general practitioner, or glucose intolerant and in particular as diabetic, using the epidemiological criteria of an abnormal glucose level following an oral glucose tolerance test. The subjects in this study were 7035 working men, aged between 44 and 55 years, who attended the first follow-up examination of the Paris Prospective Study, between 1968 and 1973. They were classified as 'clinically diagnosed diabetic' or, following an oral glucose tolerance test and the World Health Organisation criteria, as having 'oral glucose tolerance test diagnosed diabetes', impaired glucose tolerance or normoglycaemia. The relative risk of death by cirrhosis, in comparison with the normoglycaemic group, was 21 (95% confidence interval: 9.1-49) in the group diagnosed diabetic by the oral glucose tolerance test, significantly different (p less than 0.02) from the group diagnosed diabetic clinically 3.1 (0.41-24); factors indicative of excessive alcohol consumption at baseline differed accordingly. In contrast, the relative risks for death by coronary heart disease were similar, 2.1 (1.0-4.1) and 2.7 (1.4-5.4) respectively; all of the factors defining the insulin resistance 'Syndrome X' (hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinaemia, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and also central obesity) and predictive of coronary heart disease were elevated in both groups of diabetic subjects. 'Diabetes', as diagnosed by the oral glucose tolerance test, might be the consequence of excessive alcohol consumption which could lead to insulin resistance, then to coronary heart disease, as well as to alcohol-related diseases.
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PMID:Cardiovascular and alcohol-related deaths in abnormal glucose tolerant and diabetic subjects. 154 80

The health status description refers to 7 countries of southern Europe, i.e. Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Malta, Yugoslavia and Greece, and is mainly derived from official mortality data. In general the health status of southern European countries, as related to the adult population, seems satisfactory and improving along the last 10-15 years in spite of the adverse trends of some diseases. As compared to central, northern and eastern European countries, the southern ones enjoy relatively low mortality and morbidity rates from coronary heart disease and cardiovascular diseases in general, from lung cancer, from large bowel cancer and all-causes mortality, whereas they suffer from strokes and liver cirrhosis at relatively high rates. An exception is made by Yugoslavia where trends in death rates from cardiovascular diseases and all-causes mortality are definitely increasing like it has happened in eastern Europe during the last 20 years. Data from official mortality records are supported by information on incidence, mortality and risk factor distribution derived from population studies like the Seven Countries Study, the Erica and the Monica Project.
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PMID:Food patterns and health problems: health in southern Europe. 188 30

The 15 year mortality rates and causes of death are reported for the Paris Prospective Study cohort of 7180 working men, aged between 44 and 55 years who attended the first follow-up examination. All subjects were classified as normoglycaemic, impaired glucose tolerant or diabetic according to the WHO criteria, following an oral glucose tolerance test. The relative risks of death in comparison to the normoglycaemic group were 1.6 for impaired glucose tolerant and 2.3 for diabetic subjects; for death due to coronary heart disease: 1.7 and 2.3 respectively; for death due to alcohol and cirrhosis: 7.0 and 13.3 respectively. It appears that in this cohort a proportion of subjects screened as diabetic have impaired liver function and disturbed carbohydrate metabolism, due to excessive alcohol consumption. Alcohol should be investigated as a possible risk factor for diabetes, particularly in epidemiological studies where diabetes is diagnosed by the oral glucose tolerance test and the population has a high consumption of alcohol.
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PMID:The high risk of death by alcohol related diseases in subjects diagnosed as diabetic and impaired glucose tolerant: the Paris Prospective Study after 15 years of follow-up. 203 51

A male to female ration of coronary disease of 2:1 has been a consistent finding. This differential persists event when the classic risk factors for coronary disease--hypertension, smoking, obesity, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia--are controlled for gender. The most likely ultimate cause of this phenomenon is male-female differences in sex hormone patterns. Clinical studies in this area have either compared the sex hormone profiles of men and women with and without coronary disease or computed the relative prevalence of disease in populations that differ in their sex hormone patterns. In general, research findings have disputed the hypothesis that persons with coronary disease have low levels of a protective factor such as estrogen or progesterone and high levels of testosterone. Coronary disease patients actually have elevated estrogen levels and low testosterone levels; endogenous progesterone levels are normal before infarction but show a stress-mediated increase in the immediate postinfarction period. Findings of a low prevalence of coronary disease in premenopausal women, a loss of protection after menopause, and a low prevalence of coronary disease in men with cirrhosis-related hyperestrogenemia suggest that natural estrogens are antiatherogenic. The protective effect of pregnancy against myocardial infarction, despite concomitant potentially thrombogenic levels of estrogen at the time, seems to indicate that progesterone, whose levels are also extremely high during pregnancy, plays a major anti-infarction protective effect distinct from that of estrogen. Studies of women oral contraceptive (OC) users and men taking estrogens for brief periods have found that these exogenous hormones produce coronary thrombosis but not atherosclerosis. Finally, the finding of increased coronary disease risk in long-term OC users indicates that synthetic estrogens favor coronary atherosclerosis by suppressing natural estrogen and progesterone production.
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PMID:Sex hormones and coronary disease: a review of the clinical studies. 223 42

In the period 1973/74-1983 a prospective observation was carried out on 4591 out-patients (2095 males and 2496 females) aged 18-68, with predominantly non-insulin treated diabetes of 1-10 years' duration. During the ten years period over a third of initial cohort died. Age-standardized mortality rate was twice that for the general population of Warsaw for the median year 1978. The risk of death rose with decreasing age, especially in females. The most frequent causes of death were cardiovascular diseases, particularly coronary heart disease, standardized mortality ratios amounting to 2.7 and 2.4 respectively. Among diabetic cohort the risk of death was also higher for nephritis, nephrosis, cirrhosis of the liver and pneumonia. No excess death rate could be found for tuberculosis, malignant neoplasms, and diabetes itself. Diabetic patients were less frequently exposed to accidental deaths than the general population of Warsaw. The mortality diabetic patients in Warsaw was similar to that seen in most of the developed countries with the exception of the higher mortality due to cirrhosis of the liver and smaller due to accident, trauma and poisoning.
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PMID:[Mortality among patients with diabetes mellitus in Warsaw--a 10-year prospective study]. 262 53

The relationships between individual diet, measured in 1965 on the two Italian rural cohorts of the Seven Countries Study on Cardiovascular Disease, and subsequent mortality from all and specific causes of death in 20 y are studied. The analysis covers 1536 men aged 45-64 y at entry to the study. By using a cluster analysis technique, individuals are aggregated into four groups so that the elements within a group have a higher degree of similarity in dietary nutrients than between groups. Impressive differences in death rates between groups are found especially at the 10- and 15-y anniversaries. The relative risk between the least and the most favored group in 15-y mortality from coronary heart disease is 4.7; in 10 y the relative risk for cancer mortality is 2.9 and for liver cirrhosis approximately 4.
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PMID:Diet and 20-y mortality in two rural population groups of middle-aged men in Italy. 281 94

Sex differences in mortality are described and discussed, using data from the national causes of death statistics of West Germany. As in other industrialized countries, men in the FRG, compared to women, have higher mortality rates in all leading causes of death. The sex differences are most prominent in coronary heart disease, lung cancer, fatal accidents, suicide and liver cirrhosis. For example, in the age groups 35 to 55 the male/female ratio in the mortality rates was 6 to 7 for coronary heart disease, 3 to 4 for lung cancer, and 4 for fatal accidents. The cause-specific death rates and the results from corresponding epidemiological studies indicate that genetic disadvantages of men are reinforced by factors of the social environment and 'deleterious' individual behavior. Thus a great part of the sex differences in total mortality could be influenced and should not be judged as inevitable.
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PMID:[Differential mortality of males and females, exemplified by West Germany]. 306 94


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