Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0023890 (cirrhosis)
 42,195 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

From 1938-1939 to 1958-1959 fertility dropped by 36.4% in the USSR, and it dropped by another 25.9% in the ensuing 11 years. Between 1969-1970 and 1977-1978 the indices of fertility increased by 4.7%. There are more 1st borns and fewer 3rd born children (and later). The general tendency to lower reproduction is explained by fewer children in those older than 25 years. Fertility levels differ greatly from 1 union republic to another, depending on whether women work and on the local customs. The mortality levels in the USSR declined steadily to 1965 and then started to rise, due to the aging of the population. In 1939 those 60 and over constituted 6.8% of the population, in 1979 12%. This tendency is particularly seen in the villages. In Azerbaidzhan and the Central Asian republics the proportion of those 60 and over in the villages is declining. The republics can be grouped into 4 categories in function of whether their populations are demographically young, mature, middle-aged, or old. Mortality is rising principally among men of working age--due to accidents, poisonings, traumas, and diseases of the vascular system. The indices for female mortality have stabilized in recent years. Before 1972 mortality was higher in the cities than in the country, but in that year they became approximately the same, and now it is higher in the country. In recent years (since the 1960's) the life expectancy for men has started to decline, due primarily to vascular diseases. Chronic diseases play a major role in the increased mortality, and these are due to such factors as alcoholism, smoking, environmental contamination, poor nutrition, a more rapid pace of life and production, less physical work, and a less mobile life. There is an increase in mental illness. Mortality is higher in unmarried men and men who have not completed secondary education. Alcoholism is a serious social problem. Research done abroad has shown a close relationship between alcoholism and cirrhosis of the liver, cancer of the larynx, throat, soft palate, intestine, and strokes. Foreign research has also shown the harmful effects of smoking.
 ...
PMID:[Basic traits of the medical demographic processes in the USSR and abroad]. 720 61

Formerly the diagnosis of acute and chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis was made by the exclusion of other causes. However, in 1989 cloning of an antigenic component of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) was reported. This led to first- and second-generation tests for antibody to HCV (anti-HCV) in serum. HCV has been associated with acute and chronic posttransfusion and sporadic non-A, non-B hepatitis, and with hepatocellular carcinoma. Viral HCV RNA can be estimated with the polymerase chain reaction test, but this technically difficult test is not generally available. The entire viral genome has been sequenced. The envelope region shows considerable variation, and mutant HCV infections are being described already. There are geographic variations in the prevalence of anti-HCV, but usually about 0.5% to 1% of healthy blood donors test positive. Parenteral exposure to blood, especially by transfusion or drug abuse, remains a certain means of acquiring HCV infection. The method by which millions without parenteral risk factors acquire HCV remains uncertain. Vertical transmission and sexual and family spread occur only rarely. Body secretions are free of the virus. The mode of transmission may become clarified when tests for viral HCV as opposed to anti-HCV become generally available. Acute HCV infection usually is mild, and the chronic disease is also indolent. Carriers of hepatitis B virus or alcoholics who also test positive for HCV have more serious disease. Chronic HCV infection must be distinguished from autoimmune chronic active hepatitis. The most important difference is the response to corticosteroid therapy, which is good in autoimmune hepatitis and poor in HCV-related disease. Hepatocellular carcinoma can complicate HCV-related cirrhosis, usually about 20 years after infection with HCV. Recombinant interferon-alpha is used to treat chronic HCV disease, but selection of patients, dose, and duration of therapy are uncertain. In general, 50% of patients respond to the treatment, but 50% of these will have a relapse, with an overall response rate of 25%. Liver transplantation in patients with end-stage HCV disease usually is followed by infection of the graft.
 ...
PMID:Chronic hepatitis C. 751 76

Although the USA is considered an area of 'low' endemicity for hepatitis B infection, the incidence of new cases, the prevalence of carriers, and the burden of acute and chronic disease place hepatitis B among the most important communicable diseases. It is estimated that 300,000 new cases of hepatitis B infection occur each year. These acute infections lead to 350-450 fulminant deaths, 27,000-42,000 chronic carriers and ultimately 4000-5500 deaths per year from cirrhosis and primary liver cancer. Most reported cases occur among young adults, many of whom belong to 'high risk' groups defined by lifestyle or occupation. In 1991, sexual transmission was the predominant mode of transmission (41% of cases by heterosexual activity; 14% by homosexual activity); percutaneous drug use was also important (12% of cases). Infection in healthcare workers represented only 2% of reported cases, and is the only group where falling incidence is due to vaccine use. However, 26% of cases occur in people who deny belonging to any 'high risk group'. Public health officials in the USA concluded that the 'high risk group' immunization strategy would not lead to the control of hepatitis B infection on a population basis. In 1992, it was recommended that all newborns in the USA receive hepatitis B vaccine as part of their routine immunization schedule.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Epidemiology of hepatitis B infection in North America. 757 20

Whereas the histologic findings in clinically "chronic" autoimmune hepatitis have been well established, with piecemeal necrosis as a hallmark lesion, the histologic findings of clinically "acute" or recent-onset autoimmune hepatitis remain undefined. The goal of this study was to define more fully the liver histomorphology in patients with recent-onset autoimmune hepatitis. Twenty-six patients were identified at our institution who had well-characterized autoimmune hepatitis and had undergone a liver biopsy within 6 months of clinical presentation. A detailed histologic evaluation revealed evidence of chronic liver disease in 25 (of 26) patients despite the lack of correlating clinical chronicity. The histologic evidence of chronicity included, in addition to a portal lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate, bridging (septal) fibrosis (11 patients) and overt cirrhosis (four patients). Eighteen of these 25 cases with evidence of chronicity also showed zone 2 and 3 lobular hepatitis, including disarray and hepatocyte necrosis. A single case showed lobular hepatitis with confluent hepatocyte necrosis (submassive hepatocellular necrosis), but no evidence of chronic liver disease. Although autoimmune hepatitis remains in the differential diagnosis of lobular hepatitis, these data show that most patients with autoimmune hepatitis who undergo biopsy early in its clinical course will have histologic evidence of chronic liver disease. Most of these patients probably have a lobular "flare" in disease activity, which likely precipitated the clinical presentation. The findings herein reinforce the concept that autoimmune hepatitis is by definition a chronic disease and supports the proposal that the modifier "chronic" be eliminated from autoimmune hepatitis.
 ...
PMID:Recent-onset autoimmune hepatitis. Biopsy findings and clinical correlations. 775 56

Based on a systematic review of over 20 cohort studies, a clear association exists, for both men and women, between particularly low cholesterol levels and the rate of non-coronary mortality. The excess in women appears mainly confined to non-cancer causes, particularly respiratory and digestive diseases, while there is also an excess of deaths from cancer seen in men with low cholesterol levels. Higher mortality rates from trauma, haemorrhagic stroke and cirrhosis have also been observed. Much of this association is known to be as a consequence of the disease with a fall in cholesterol levels seen after developing a variety of inflammatory diseases. However, the excess risk of non-coronary heart disease deaths is still apparent by excluding deaths within five years suggesting that effect-cause is not the only explanation. Confounding still remains the most likely explanation for the association with an underlying chronic disease or risk factor causing both the low cholesterol and the fatal event. However, there is still the possibility that some of the increased risk is due to the low cholesterol. This makes it important that appropriately controlled trials of both drug and dietary interventions demonstrate net clinical benefit among those with low levels of coronary risk before cholesterol-lowering strategies are adopted more widely in these groups.
 ...
PMID:Low cholesterol and risk of non-coronary mortality. 800 49

Chronic diseases of the liver were found to be associated with microsomal hydroxylation reactions inhibition, this inhibition depending on the disease activity and stage. Chronic cholestatic hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis are associated with a more marked suppression of these reactions, the degree of inhibition being in proportion with the cholestatic syndrome severity. Demethylation process was found inhibited in active liver cirrhosis and primary biliary cirrhosis. The authors believe that assessment of the rate of microsomal oxidation in a liver biopsy specimen will help objectively assess the first phase of cytochrome P-450 effected biotransformation (hydroxylation) in patients with chronic disease.
 ...
PMID:[Cytochrome P-450-dependent hydroxylation in liver tissue of patients with hepatobiliary diseases]. 803 24

In an area served by a single medical center that operates as both health maintenance organization (HMO) and fee-for-service clinic, we reviewed existing computerized medical records to determine the prevalence of 11 diseases. Standardized medical care utilization prevalence ratios, comparing the annual prevalences in the two groups, varied from 1.38 for rheumatoid arthritis to 0.60 for liver cirrhosis. Unless supplemented by data from hospitals, physicians, and other sources, HMO data may result in invalid estimates of the prevalence of chronic disease.
 ...
PMID:The utility of HMO data for the surveillance of chronic diseases. 820 99

Fibrosis is an ubiquitous process. Any tissue injury can culminate in fibroblast accumulation and multiplication with collagen synthesis and deposition. A large number of chronic disease states such as rheumatic heart disease, constrictive pericarditis, cirrhosis of the liver, renal interstitial fibrosis, chronic interstitial lung disease are characterized by extensive fibrosis. In many of these patients, when there is no clinical or laboratory evidence of previous injury, it is presumed that the initiating insult/injury had been 'subclinical'. I propose that 1) the fibroblasts can be activated even in the absence of preceding inflammation, 2) it is the type of 'fibroblast clone' in a given individual together with the 'milieu' in a particular tissue/organ which decides the occurrence and severity of subsequent fibrosis. This fibroblast clonal theory adds a new dimension to the pathogenesis of various disease states and may help in identifying those at high-risk and in evolving a unified therapeutic strategy for amelioration of various disorders characterized by extensive fibrosis.
 ...
PMID:Abnormal fibroblast clone--an alternative hypothesis for pathogenesis of rheumatic heart disease. 845 63

During a natural outbreak of hepatic fatty cirrhosis (HFC) in western Texas, 500 2-6-year-old Rambouillet ewe sheep were sequentially studied to determine the pattern of lesion development. All sheep developed lesions of HFC. Grossly, changes first began in the subcapsular hepatic parenchyma along the porta hepatis and spread peripherally until, in the final stages of the disease, approximately 80% of the liver was affected. Ascites, hydropericardium, and acquired hepatic vascular shunts were present in sheep with severe HFC. Light microscopic lesions initially appeared as accumulations of fine lipid droplets in the cytoplasm of periacinar hepatocytes but, with time, involved all hepatocytes of the lobule. The fat vacuoles in the periacinar hepatocytes coalesced to form larger vacuoles; and after rupture of adjacent fat-laden hepatocytes, fatty cysts appeared. Fibrosis began in the periacinar zone associated with the ruptured fatty cysts and continued until there was widespread bridging periacinar fibrosis. Islands of regenerating hepatocytes were frequently sequestered within the bands of fibrous tissue. Characteristically, the hepatic and posterior mediastinal lymph nodes, lung, and spleen contain ceroid. No lesions of hepatic encephalopathy were found in any animal. HFC is a progressive, chronic disease of sheep, and the morphology of the hepatic lesions is similar to lipotrope-deficient forms of nutritional cirrhosis. These findings are discussed in relation to similar nutritional deficiencies and toxicoses in sheep.
 ...
PMID:The lesions of hepatic fatty cirrhosis in sheep. 859 98

Premature chronic disease mortality continues to be a problem among American Indian populations. To document the chronic disease burden in the Wisconsin American Indian population, age- and sex-specific incidence-density mortality rates for ten chronic diseases (ischemic heart disease, stroke, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cirrhosis, and cancer of the breast, cervix, lung, colorectum and prostate) were estimated for a 10-year period (1984-1993) and compared with the Wisconsin non-Hispanic white population. Compared with whites, American Indians had markedly higher mortality rates from diabetes and cirrhosis in all age- and sex-specific groups. Ischemic heart disease mortality was significantly greater in both American Indian men and women 45-64 years of age (Rate Ratio [RR] = 1.7 and 2.1, respectively) compared to whites of the same age, but was lower in American Indians 65 years of age or older (RR = 0.9 for both sexes). Overall, these ten chronic diseases were responsible for a significant excess number of deaths in middle-aged American Indian men and women (i.e., 45-64 years of age), whereas the chronic disease mortality experience of older American Indian men and women (i.e., > or = 65 years of age) was similar to that of the older white population. Diabetes and cirrhosis were the most important causes of increased mortality overall; however, ischemic heart disease was responsible for a large number of excess deaths in middle-aged American Indian men and women.
 ...
PMID:Chronic disease mortality among Wisconsin Native American Indians, 1984-1993. 904 31


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>