Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0023890 (cirrhosis)
 42,195 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Seven thousand three hundred seventy-six sudden or violent manner of deaths were inspected or autopsied at Tokyo Metropolitan Medical Examiner's Office in 1989. Out of these victims, 693 (9.4%) victims were regarded as heavy drinkers on the basis of the drinking habits and the autopsy reports and 196 (2.7%) victims without past problem drinking were thought to be drunk at death from the family statements or the blood alcohol analysis. The total 889 (12.1%) alcohol-related cases (autopsy was performed on the 489 cases) were studied from epidemiological and etiological viewpoints. The average age of the alcohol-related victims (male: 811, female: 78) was 52 +/- 11 years. In middle-aged (45-54 years) men, 34% of the all sudden or violent deaths were alcohol-related. About half of the alcohol-related victims were living alone and jobless and they often died at home, particularly in the bed. In the alcohol-related victims, the blood alcohol concentration (BAC) analysis revealed that the average BAC of female was significantly higher than that of male. (2.12 +/- 1.73 mg/ml vs. 1.33 +/- 1.75, P < 0.01). This difference may be associated with sex difference in ethanol metabolism, body composition and drinking habits. Among the major causes of the alcohol-related deaths, alcoholic liver diseases accounted for 226 (25%), gastro-intestinal bleedings for 115 (13%), cardiovascular diseases for 105 (12%) and violent deaths (e.g., acute alcohol intoxication, falls, traffic accidents, suicide) for 329 (37%). By histopathological examination of the liver, about 30% of the alcoholic liver disease cases showed mainly fatty metamorphosis and 48% showed liver cirrhosis. Only 12% of the cirrhotics had either jaundice or ascites, suggesting hepatic failure. Alcoholic cardiomyopathy was suspected in only 11 cases. In conclusion, many people, particularly middle-aged men, lose their lives due to heavy drinking and there are many pathologically unexplainable sudden deaths of alcoholics.
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PMID:[Alcohol and sudden death: a survey on alcohol-related deaths at tokyo Metropolitan Medical Examiner's Office (1989)]. 834 5

Chemokines are implicated in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease in humans and in experimental models of alcohol intoxication. The major sources of these chemokines are Kupffer cells which represent more than 80% of tissue macrophages in the body. Kupffer cells are highly responsive to the effects of ethanol, endotoxin and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 glycoprotein120. These agents, either independently or in combination, may exacerbate the production of chemokines. Chemokines are agents that are highly chemotactic to mononuclear cells and granulocytes. The levels of these chemokines in sera and tissue are elevated in patients with alcoholic hepatitis, alcoholic cirrhosis, diseased livers, viral hepatitis, and in experimental models of chronic alcohol intoxication. Alcohol-induced influx of endotoxin from the gut into the portal circulation is suggested to play an important role in the activation of Kupffer cells which leads to enhanced chemokine release. The up-regulation of chemokines during alcohol consumption is selective. During the early phase of alcoholic liver disease, C-X-C or alpha-chemokines predominate. This is also associated with neutrophilic infiltration of the liver. In the later stage, up-regulation of C-C or beta-chemokine production and migration of mononuclear cells into the liver are observed, and this may lead to liver cirrhosis. Selective up-regulation of chemokine synthesis and release may involve differential modulation of the transcription factors required for chemokine gene expression. Increased cytokine release following alcohol consumption may also regulate chemokine secretion in Kupffer cells via paracrine and autocrine mechanisms and vice versa. In addition, infection with HIV-1 may further compromise the liver to more damage. During HIV-1 infection, a pre-existing liver disease superimposed on chronic alcohol consumption may also exacerbate HIV-1 replication and lymphocytic infiltration in the liver, because of the ability of HIV-1 gp120 to stimulate chemokine production by Kupffer cells and stimulate migration of inflammatory leucocytes in the liver.
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PMID:Impact of alcohol on the ability of Kupffer cells to produce chemokines and its role in alcoholic liver disease. 1082 77

The concentration of ethanol in blood, breath or urine constitutes important evidence for prosecuting drunk drivers. For various reasons, the reliability of the results of forensic alcohol analysis are often challenged by the defence. One such argument for acquittal concerns the notion that alcohol could be produced naturally in the body, hence the term 'auto-brewery' syndrome. Although yeasts such as Candida albicans readily produce ethanol in-vitro, whether this happens to any measurable extent in healthy ambulatory subjects is an open question. Over the years, many determinations of endogenous ethanol have been made, and in a few rare instances (Japanese subjects with very serious yeast infections) an abnormally high ethanol concentration (> 80 mg/dl) has been reported. In these atypical individuals, endogenous ethanol appeared to have been produced after they had eaten carbohydrate-rich foods. A particular genetic polymorphism resulting in reduced activity of enzymes involved in hepatic metabolism of ethanol and a negligible first-pass metabolism might explain ethnic differences in rates of endogenous ethanol production and clearance. Other reports of finding abnormally high concentrations of ethanol in body fluids from ostensibly healthy subjects suffer from deficiencies in study design and lack suitable control experiments or used non-specific analytical methods. With reliable gas chromatographic methods of analysis, the concentrations of endogenous ethanol in peripheral venous blood of healthy individuals, as well as those suffering from various metabolic disorders (diabetes, hepatitis, cirrhosis) ranged from 0-0.08 mg/dl. These concentrations are far too low to have any forensic or medical significance. The notion that a motorist's state of intoxication was caused by endogenously produced ethanol lacks merit.
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PMID:Endogenous ethanol 'auto-brewery syndrome' as a drunk-driving defence challenge. 1097 82

At present, the relation between alcoholic consumption and the development of hepatic injury is clearly defined. However, the influence of genetic factors, the existence of associated pathologies, and the concomitant use of other hepatotoxic agents should also be considered.During chronic drunkenness, great quantities of oxygen free radicals are produced, redox balance is disturbed, and the defensive capacity of natural antioxidants is exceeded. All these factors originate an "oxidative stress," that totally distorts the hepatocellular function. Llkewise, an increase in the acetaldehyde intracellular concentration modifies several cellular proteins, deteriorating even more the hepatic activity. The importance of the "neo-antigens" between cellular components and acetaldehyde is still undefined, as well as their role in the formation of the Mallory Bodies.On the other hand, the complex network of intercellular and intracellular communications that includes cytokines, adherence molecules and membrane receptors are essential elements to be considered in the alcoholic liver disease genesis. The endotoxin, the TNF-a, the IL-8, as well as the ROIs production seem to be the most important factors.With reference to Alcoholic Hepatitis, the development of an exaggerated inflammatory response with the existence of neutrophiles may be the main mechanism of hepatocellular injury (82, 167, 168.)The final diagnosis of Alcoholic Hepatitis is histological. This also enables to measure the injury severity and to determine the presence of fibrosis and/or cirrhosis, in which case prognosis is more uncertain.Should a history of exaggerated alcoholic ingestion exist, diagnosis could be clinically determined. There is a great variability of clinical symptoms, and some patients present chronic liver disease complications frequently. Those who develop severe liver insufficiency will present leukocytosis, icterus and fever. In these cases, mortality can be as high as 80 per cent. There is no relationship between the alteration of liver function tests and the injury severity.The usefulness of antioxidants in cirrhosis has been demonstrated in animal modeis and in some studies made in human voluntarles. However, their role as therapy within the context of Alcoholic Hepatitis has not been yet defined.In conclusion, several therapeutic approaches have been investigated and from all of them, only steroids have proven to be effective on patients properly selected. The discriminative function (DF) benefit has been confirmed in certain studies. Should a patient have a DIF of more than 93, he/she may receive corticosterold treatment. Contral ndicati ons are a bsol ute when the patientpresents infection, renal insufficiency or gastrointestinal bleeding.Once the patient has been compensated, ABSTINENCE is essential. Likewise, an appropriate nutritional support is an important part of the treatment.Where the possibility of Liver Transplant exists, this should be planned if there is a deterioration of the patient's general condition or if he/she compiles with the necessary criteria, since the survival rate in these cases is similar to those who received a transpiant due to other causes.
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PMID:[ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS] 1221 43

With the purpose of perfection of examination the character of structural changes in testicles and prostate is investigated; the comparative qualitative and quantitative analysis of cellular reactions of persons with chronic somatopathies (rheumatic disease, idiopathic hypertensia) and chronic household intoxications (alcoholic illness, narcomania) is carried out. The work is carried out on 50 corpses of male persons, 18-35 years old, who died of chronic drunkenness (13 observations), narcomania (20), idiopathic hypertensia (9), and rheumatic disease (8). The suppression of testicles was characterized by disturbances of spermatogenesis at a level of the cell population, characteristic for a zero and first degree of spermatogenesis activity especially expressed in chronic narcotic intoxication. The damage to a prostate was stacked in a picture of a chronic relapsing prostatitis and chronic indurative prostatitis with the outcome of cirrhosis of prostata, being most typical for chronic alcohol intoxication. Morpho-functional investigation of a prostate and testicles affected by chronic somatopathies and chronic household intoxications, both qualitative and quantitative, testify to reduction of function of activity of these organs (hormonal imbalances, mail sterility, sex frustration). Thus, the persons suspected of violent actions of a sexual nature should be examined in order to reveal both erectile dysfunctions and disruption of spermatogenesis.
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PMID:Morphological changes in genesial system of men: medico-legal aspects. 1293 97

The analysis of the glue "RAZI" was carried out at the Republican Chromatographic Center of Georgia, with high-efficient liquid chromatographic equipment "Millipore Waters" (USA), by I. Wagner's Method. We were able to determine presumable composition of the glue chemical components. The different substances were evaporated at different times fixed by appropriate peaks on chromatogram. There have been at least five toxic substances identified within the glue composition, which are used as industrial or household chemical goods and as some authors explain, may be used as inhaling psychoactive substances. These substances are: benzol (benzene), toluene (toluol), phenol (carbolic acid), chloroform, and methyl-ketone. The glue is inhaled with a small polyethylene bag. The substances are evaporated during inhalation and join arterial blood through lungs. In several minutes leap forward a situation similar to alcohol intoxication. The evaporated substances characterized by strong toxicity and influence to the organism in different ways. The results of chronic glue abuse is serious, such as lethal aplastic anemia, leukemia, marrow damage, chromosome aberrations, functional disorders of CNS, dystrophic changes in myocardium, cirrhosis, liver atrophy and so on. Abuse of the glue "RAZI" can lead to very serious medical consequences and represents emerging public health problem in Georgia.
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PMID:Study of chemical composition of glue "RAZI" used by solvent abusers in Tbilisi. 1670 32

This study aimed to develop a new experimental model of liver cirrhosis in swine by using carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) and ethanol. Liver cirrhosis was induced by intraperitoneal injection of CCl(4) twice a week for 9 weeks. Maize flour was the only food provided and the animals drunk a 5% alcohol-water mixture. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), albumin, bilirubin and portal venous pressure (PVP) levels were determined throughout CCl(4) treatment. The animals were sacrificed under general anesthesia at week 9 and liver samples were collected for histological analysis. 83.3% of the swine had liver cirrhosis and 33.3% had died. There was no change of body weight during the course of the experiment (p > 0.05). The AST and ALT levels increased significantly in the early stage of the study but had a trend to decrease during the late phase. The level of bilirubin increased greatly and albumin decreased during the whole experiment (p < 0.05). PVP levels decreased in the early stage in CCl(4)-treated swine, but increased significantly at the late phase. In conclusion, this study was successful in producing liver cirrhosis and offers an ideal experimental model for observing surgical therapeutic efficacy.
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PMID:Development of a new animal model of liver cirrhosis in swine. 1898 72

All psychiatric and general medical male patients referred to 2 hospitals in Basra, Iraq from September 2000 to April 2001 were screened using the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test. A total of 189 men were identified as having alcohol-related problems. The majority were aged 30-49 years, and two-thirds had drunk alcohol for over 10 years. About 53% of patients exceeded 1 bottle (750 mL) of spirits daily, and 14.8% reported morning drinking. Elevation of liver enzymes, hepatomegaly, jaundice and cirrhosis were identified in 46.0%. Liver cirrhosis was more common in patients drinking locally made arak. Many of the patients suffered psychiatric disorders, including anxiety disorders, depression and suicide attempts, and 80.9% took other psychoactive drugs.
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PMID:Clinical and biochemical profile of alcohol users in Basra. 2021 36

In the medical institutions of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation was undertook the study with the aim of inclusion of the physicians to the understanding of the danger of alcoholic intoxication through the knowledge provisioning about the influence of the alcohol to the atherogenesis, progression of liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. 2033 patients who had had surgical revascularization were examined. It was found that each of those patients had drunk different doses of alcohol, but it didn't alert the atherogenesis. Also 1283 patients with liver cirrhosis and 126 died of it during 1996-2009 were examined. It was found that alcohol is the most dangerous cause of liver cirrhosis. Anonymous questionnaire of physicians for clearing up their attitude to the alcohol. It was found that only 43% of physicians deny healthful doses of alcohol. According to this fact it is necessary to intensify explanatory work among physicians.
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PMID:[Prevention of the alcoholic visceropathy]. 2125 25

A 51-year-old man presented with a focal epileptic, fluctuating encephalopathy. Antibodies to voltage-gated potassium channels (VGKC-Abs) were detected in his serum. Several features of this case were different from those previously reported in VGKC-Ab-associated encephalitis, illustrating that it may have a broader phenotype than previously documented. These features were: excess hepatic iron deposits without cirrhosis, reduced consciousness and fluctuating neurological signs. Previous history included personality change, depression, type 2 diabetes mellitus, pupil sparing third nerve palsy and epilepsy secondary to a head injury. He had never drunk alcohol and had recovered from a similar episode 4 years previously. Both episodes resolved after approximately 2 months. The cerebrospinal fluid had a raised protein content but no organisms. The patient was heterozygous for C282Y and negative for H63D mutations excluding classical idiopathic haemochromatosis. He recovered with supportive care to his premorbid level of health.
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PMID:Voltage-gated potassium channel antibody-related encephalopathy: a case which may extend the documented phenotype of this condition. 2269 27


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