Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0023473 (chronic myeloid leukemia)
 18,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Immunological parameters were evaluated in patients treated with cytokine-mediated immunotherapy (CMI) consisting of low doses of recombinant human interferon alpha 2a (rIFN alpha) and recombinant human interleukin-2 (rIL-2) administered either concomitantly or sequentially by subcutaneous self-injections in an outpatient setting. Twenty-six patients with hematological malignancies and 2 metastatic melanoma patients in a progressive stage were enrolled in this clinical trial. Of the 26 patients, 24 were at a stage of minimal residual disease, including 14 patients who had received autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT) 2-5 months previously, 7 chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and 3 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. Two patients (1 CML and 1 mult. myeloma) were treated at a stage of progressive disease. Non-MHC-restricted cytotoxicity directed against natural-killer(NK)-resistant (Daudi) and NK-sensitive (K562) target cells was assessed before, during and after CMI, either in fresh peripheral blood samples (spontaneous activity) or after in vitro rIL-2 activation (induced activity). Spontaneous killing activity was low prior to treatment, but increased upon termination of treatment in 10/15 evaluated cycels. rIL-2-activated cytotoxicity in vitro was markedly elevated in 8/12 and 6/8 patients after one and two cycles, respectively, of sequential treatment, as well as in 3/8 CML and 5/6 patients after one and two cycles, respectively, of concomitant treatment. Activation of the T cell mitogenic response was demonstrated in 6/9 patients after concomitant CMI, while no such effect was observed throughout a sequential treatment in lymphoma and leukemia patients after ABMT. Although a direct correlation between immune stimulation and the in vivo antitumor response cannot yet be determined, our clinical observations support a beneficial therapeutic effect in a substantial number of patients. These results indicated that the ambulatory CMI protocol of rIL-2 and rIFN alpha could stimulate the host defense immune system and may be helpful in mediating the in vivo antitumor response in patients with minimal residual disease.
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PMID:Immunological evaluation of patients with hematological malignancies receiving ambulatory cytokine-mediated immunotherapy with recombinant human interferon-alpha 2a and interleukin-2. 139 43

Our studies on the susceptibility of fresh noncultured leukemia cells to interleukin-2 (IL-2)-induced lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells have shown that about two thirds of the leukemias are susceptible to the LAK-cell-mediated cytolysis. Analysis of 214 acute leukemias revealed considerable variation in the degree of cytotoxicity achieved. Cytolysis was substantially lower in fresh noncultured acute leukemia samples than in K562 and Daudi cell lines (mean Cr-release 21.0 +/- 16.0% versus 69.2 +/- 6.6% and 70.8 +/- 7.9%). Augmentation of susceptibility to LAK-cell lysis is desirable in connection with therapeutic application of IL-2-induced effector mechanisms. We observed a relationship between the LAK-cell susceptibility of leukemia cells and their spontaneous proliferation rate, which is significantly higher in LAK-cell-sensitive than in LAK-cell-resistant leukemias. It was therefore considered useful to examine the possibility of augmenting LAK-cell sensitivity by proliferation induction. These studies demonstrate that incubation of blast cells from acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic myelogenous leukemia in myeloid blast crisis (CML-BC) with recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) significantly augments LAK-cell susceptibility and that this is associated with an increased cell proliferation.
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PMID:GM-CSF-mediated proliferation induction improves the susceptibility of leukemia cells to lymphokine-activated killer cells. 149 16

The p53 is a nuclear protein that is associated with normal cellular proliferation and can cooperate with Ha-ras in causing cellular transformation in vitro. Lineage association is known to exist between p53 expression and normal lymphopoiesis, but not myelopoiesis. We studied the expression of p53 using chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) cell lines, somatic hybrids of these cells, and leukemic cells from CML patients. Lymphoid CML lines expressed both p53 mRNA and protein. We also analyzed p53 synthesis by two B-lymphoid lines from the same CML patient; cells of one line were derived from the neoplastic clone, cells of the other were derived from the normal clone. Both synthesized equal amounts of a phosphorylated p53 protein. None of the myeloid CML lines expressed detectable p53 protein and two of four expressed negligible p53 mRNA. Two other myeloid CML lines and myeloid cells from three of four patients expressed p53 mRNA. These findings suggest that expression of the gene is not regulated normally in CML. Several approaches were pursued to explore the differential expression of p53. Southern blot analyses showed no gross alterations in the p53 gene from cells of either the expressing or the nonexpressing lines. No difference in the pattern of demethylated CpG sites was noted in the region of the p53 gene in cells from K562 (myeloid p53 nonexpressor) and in BV173 (lymphoid p53 expressor). The sites of demethylation clustered in and around the p53 promoter in both cell lines. Somatic hybrids formed between a p53 mRNA nonexpressor myeloid line (K562) and the parental p53 expressor lymphoid lines (Daudi, PUT) produced p53 mRNA and protein, suggesting that p53 is a dominantly expressed protein and that lack of expression in myeloid cells is not mediated by a trans-acting negative regulatory protein. DNA transfection experiments performed using the indicator gene chloramphenicol acetyltransferase attached to promoter sequences of p53 showed that these constructs were equally activated in BV173 (p53 expressor) and K562 (p53 mRNA nonexpressor). The mechanism of p53 regulation in CML remains unclear.
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PMID:p53 in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Study of mechanisms of differential expression. 328 Jul 26

We have produced a monoclonal antibody (MoAb), AML-1-99, that defines a novel 124-kd protein antigen expressed on a subpopulation of monocytes and on the majority of hematopoietic progenitor cells of the granulocyte-monocyte (CFU-GM), erythroid, and mixed-lineage classes. AML-1-99 is lytic to bone marrow (BM)- and peripheral blood-derived progenitor cells in the presence of rabbit complement (C'). AML-1-99 is not toxic to progenitor cells in the absence of C', nor does it modify their growth when included in colony-forming cultures. Several leukemia cell lines, including HL-60, U937, KG-1a, and Daudi cells, express the antigen on the majority of cells. Freshly isolated leukemia cells from patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) react variably with AML-1-99. Leukemia colony-forming cells from several AML patients express the antigen and could be eliminated by treatment with AML-1-99 and C'. Cell sorting and immune rosette techniques were successfully applied to normal BM and chronic myelocytic leukemia cell populations using AML-1-99 with the result that significant enrichment of CFU-GM could be accomplished. The pattern of reactivity of this MoAb and its apparent molecular weight suggests that AML-1-99 recognizes a newly defined myeloid-associated cell surface antigen.
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PMID:Distribution of the 124-kd antigen defined by monoclonal antibody AML-1-99 on normal and leukemic myeloid cells. 342 92

The presence of intracellular cytoplasmic immunoglobulin M (IgM) in leukemic cells from patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) was investigated by flow cytometry. The objective of the study was to develop a reproducible flow cytometric method. A Burkitt's lymphoma-derived B-cell line, Daudi, and a pre-B ALL, Nalm-6, served as prototypes. Normal B cells and cells from patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) were used as negative controls. Cytoplasmic mu was expressed in 77.3 +/- 7.5% (n = 10) of Nalm-6 cells. CALLA+ ALL and CML cells lacked cytoplasmic mu. The surface-membrane immunoglobulin on the viable B cells was blocked with purified goat anti-human IgM. Subsequently, the B cells were fixed in cold absolute methanol and stained with a fluorescein-conjugated goat anti-human IgM to demonstrate cytoplasmic IgM. After the surface-membrane IgM was blocked, normal B cells had no cytoplasmic IgM (0.3-0.5% positive cells) detectable by flow cytometry. However, the peripheral blood lymphocytes from five patients with CLL and the Daudi cells contained cytoplasmic IgM, ranging from 7.8 to 76.7% and 45.7 to 89.3%, respectively. We conclude that cytoplasmic mu in Nalm-6, CLL, and Daudi cells can be easily and rapidly demonstrated by flow cytometry.
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PMID:Cytoplasmic IgM in leukemic B cells by flow cytometry. 393 80

A murine hybridoma-derived monoclonal antibody, PM-81, was obtained from a fusion of cells of the NS-1 myeloma cell line with cells from a mouse immunized with the HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cell line. This cytotoxic IgM monoclonal antibody was specific for myeloid cells. Employing indirect immunofluorescence and flow cytometry, we determined that this antibody reacts strongly with normal human granulocytes, eosinophils, and monocytes but not lymphocytes (including phytohemagglutinin-activated lymphocytes), null cells, red blood cells, or platelets. Moreover, the PM-81 antibody reacts with leukemia cells from 19 of 22 patients with acute myelocytic leukemia of all FAB subclasses, three of three patients with common acute lymphocytic leukemia, four of four patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) in myeloid blast crisis (terminal transferase (TdT)-negative) but did not react with cells from two patients with CML in lymphoid blast crisis (TdT-positive) or five patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The myeloid cell lines HL-60, K562, KG-1, and U937 were all reactive with PM-81. The lymphoid lines CCRF-CEM and Daudi did not express PM-81 but HSB-2 was positive. The PM-81 antigen was absent on myeloid and erythroid progenitor cells as determined by their insusceptibility to complement-dependent lysis. In addition, only PM-81-unreactive cells were capable of colony formation. Furthermore, the PM-81 antibody does not appear to induce modulation of the antigen to which it binds. Thus, this monoclonal antibody appears to fulfill several criteria for clinical utility in the diagnosis and treatment of both acute myelocytic and acute lymphocytic leukemia.
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PMID:A unique antigen expressed on myeloid cells and acute leukemia blast cells defined by a monoclonal antibody. 657 89

A new human B lymphocyte membrane antigen, CB2, has been detected by a mouse monoclonal IgM antibody. CB2 appears to be predominantly expressed on normal and malignant cells expressing surface membrane immunoglobulin (SmIg). By indirect immunofluorescence, the number of CB2-positive cells in normal peripheral blood correlated well with the number of SmIg-positive cells. Cytotoxicity studies on isolated cell populations showed that CB2 was present on normal B cells isolated from the spleens of 52 donors and on peripheral blood B cells from 8 donors. Monocytes, T cells, granulocytes, platelets, and red cells were CB2 negative. Only malignant cells expressing SmIg were positive. These included B-CLL, B lymphoma, prolymphocytic leukemia, and B lymphoma cell lines Daudi, Raji, and Conception. SmIg-negative leukemia cells, such as common acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute and chronic myelogenous leukemia, and T cell leukemias, were negative. Blocking studies with human immunoglobulin suggests that the CB2 antigen is not directed against immunoglobulin determinants. Immunoperoxidase studies on normal lymph node sections show that CB2-positive cells are predominantly present in the mantle region of the follicle, whereas B1-positive cells are mainly in the germinal center.
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PMID:A cytotoxic monoclonal antibody detecting a novel B cell membrane antigen expressed predominantly on cells bearing surface membrane immunoglobulin. 660 81

Fc receptors (FcR) for IgG on human cells were analyzed with two monoclonal antibodies, 3G8 and 4F7. Fab fragments of both hybridoma IgGs inhibited binding to neutrophils of soluble rabbit IgG complexes and sheep erythrocytes (E) coated with rabbit IgG. The number of sites for 3G8 Fab was 135,000 per neutrophil, roughly equivalent to the number of sites for rabbit IgG in immune complexes (112,000 per cell). We did not observe human IgG1 binding sites on neutrophils, although binding of IgG1 to FcR-bearing lines U937 and HL-60 was readily demonstrated. Other cell types bearing 3G8 binding sites were mature chronic myelogenous leukemia cells, eosinophils, 6% of E-rosetting lymphocytes, and 15% of Ig-bearing peripheral lymphocytes. No binding of 3G8 Fab was observed on the FcR-bearing cell lines U937, HL-60 Raji, Daudi, and K562 or on blood monocytes. However, 15% of monocytes cultured for 7 days and 60% of lung macrophages expressed 3G8 antigen. When analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the neutrophil FcR immunoprecipitated with 3G8 or 4F7 Fab-Sepharose displayed a broad band extending from Mr 73,000 to 51,000; in many experiments this band was resolved into two poorly separated components, centered at Mr 66,000 and 53,000. These results show that human neutrophil FcR for IgG is different from that on monocytes, with respect to both antigenic composition and binding of monomeric IgG1.
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PMID:Human neutrophil Fc gamma receptor distribution and structure. 680 6

Based on our previous studies demonstrating marked anti-tumor activity of interleukin-2 (IL-2)-activated bone marrow in vitro and in vivo, we studied the generation of anti-tumor cytotoxic effectors from chemotherapy- and growth factor-mobilized PBSC from 12 patients with different solid tumors. As chemotherapy and growth factor priming could lead to important qualitative and quantitative alterations of lymphoid cells, we also looked at the distribution of lymphoid cells contained in primed PBSC. In addition, different variables were defined for successful application of the technique to clinical protocols. The cells were placed in culture at varying cell densities in either serum-containing or serum-free culture medium, supplemented with IL-2, 100 or 1000 Cetus units/ml at 37 degrees C for 24 or 72 h, in flasks or in culture bags. Anti-tumor cytotoxicity was tested against A375 (melanoma), K562 (CML) and Daudi (Burkitt's lymphoma) cell lines in standard 4 h 51Cr release assay. Marked cytotoxicity was seen against all cell lines tested (A375: 32.7% +/- 5.2; K562: 52.8% +/- 4.8; Daudi: 50.5% +/- 7.2). Cytotoxicity was comparable in serum-containing and serum-free culture conditions and in tissue culture flasks and bags. Cell density up to 10 x 10(6)/ml was not associated with any significant decline in cytotoxicity. IL-2 activation of PBSC after thawing led to the generation of cytotoxicity comparable to that obtained with fresh PBSC. On flow cytometric analysis, the proportion of CD8+ T cells and NK cells (CD56+) was found to be higher in primed PBSC than in control peripheral blood mononuclear cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Interleukin-2 activation of chemotherapy and growth factor-mobilized peripheral blood stem cells for generation of cytotoxic effectors. 777 9

p106 is a human membrane protein of 106 kD previously shown to be inducible by interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) on Daudi cells. To investigate the role of p106 further, its distribution and inducibility within hematopoietic cells was studied. Multiparameter flow cytometry (FCM) analysis showed that p106 expression was restricted to B cells and monocytes, and in both cell lineages acquired at a late stage of differentiation. Thus, p106 was found on mature B lymphocytes and monocytes in peripheral blood and on a variety of freshly isolated leukemic cells of B and myeloid origin as well as on a variety of cultured B-cell lines. In contrast, no expression was found on T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells or granulocytes. p106 expression could be further induced by IFN-alpha on monocytes and Daudi cells, and this capacity was shown to be selective for IFN-alpha, since no other cytokines tested induced p106. Moreover, IFN-alpha therapy of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and hairy cell leukemia (HCL) patients lead to a clearcut induction of p106 on such malignant cells. The distribution of p106 could suggest that it represents an activation antigen. Further studies, including cloning of p106 cDNA, are needed to determine the function of p106.
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PMID:Expression and regulation of an interferon-alpha-inducible membrane protein p106 on human hematopoietic cells. 815 Nov 39


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