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Query: UMLS:C0023473 (chronic myeloid leukemia)
 18,916 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cytogenetic studies indicate that most tumors are clonal (i.e. unicellular in origin) and have karyotypic alterations. These are not consistent, but non-random abnormalities are being increasingly identified by banding techniques, pointing to the sites on human chromosomes where genes important in neoplastic development are located. It is postulated that tumor progression occurs as a result of genetic lability within the neoplastic clone, leading to emergence of increasingly mutant subpopulations (often recognizable cytogenetically) with more malignant properties. In the context of this hypothesis, acute leukemia, chronic leukemia, and preleukemia can be viewed as differing only in the rate at which an abnormal hemic clone is expanding, with progression to a more aggressive phase (e.g. the "blast crisis" of chronic granulocytic leukemia) reflecting emergence of a new predominant subpopulation as the result of an additional genetic change. These concepts, and the cytogenetic data from which they have been derived, may help our understanding of basic tumor biology, and have some practical applications in the diagnosis of human neoplasms.
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PMID:Tumors as clonal proliferation. 10 6

The distribution of various types of leukemia due to chronic exposure to benzene is described in a series comprising 34 cases. The incidence of leukemia among 31 show-workers was 13.5/100,000. Acute myeloblastic leukemia was the most frequent type, followed by preleukemia, acute erythroleukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The extreme rarity of chronic myeloid leukemia was a noteworthy finding. The differences and similarities between the distribution of various types of leukemia in different series of patients with chronic exposure to benzene and ionizing radiation are discussed.
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PMID:Types of leukemia in chronic benzene poisoning. A study in thirty-four patients. 81 44

Bone marrow from patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), acute myelomonocytic leukemia (AMML), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), preleukemia, and from healthy volunteers was cultured using a recently developed liquid diffusion technique. Differential and viable cell counts and 3H-thymidine labeling indices were performed at intervals up to 30 days. Differentiation was assessed morphologically by light and electron microscopy, histochemically, and by functional tests for phagocytosis and the presence of surface receptors for IgG. Colony-stimulating activity (CSA) was assayed against normal human bone marrow by the agar colony technique. In acute leukemia cultures, viable cell counts usually fell within the normal range. However, most AML cells failed to demonstrate significant maturation in vitro, and did not produce detectable CSA. In AMML cultures, maturation was defective but some differentiated macrophages were observed and the cells produced high concentrations of CSA. Preleukemic cultures demonstrated normal growth but maturation was impaired as evidenced by a high percentage of immature cells during the first 7 days. CML cultures showed abnormally high growth capacity resulting in viable cell counts 2-3 times normal. In the chronic phase of CML, maturation was qualitatively normal and the cells produced CSA. With the onset of blast transformation, maturation became abnormal but growth remained high. These studies support a concept of AML as a primary defect in cellular maturation and of CML as a primary abnormality of proliferation. The production of CSA by neoplastic cells relates to the degree of monocyte-macrophage differentiation within the leukemic population. Human preleukemia is characterized by a failure of normal maturation in vitro.
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PMID:Proliferation and maturation of human leukemia cells in liquid culture. 105 46

Patients with myeloproliferative disorders were prospectively studied by in vitro agar-gel marrow culture technics to evaluate factors involved in the evolution of abnormal granulopoiesis. Marrow granulocytic colony-forming capacity was determined in 78 patients with chronic myeloid leukemia, subacute myeloid leukemia, preleukemia, Di Guglielmo's syndrome, polycythemia vera or essential thrombocythemia. A wide range of marrow colony-forming capacity values was noted early in disease courses; however, in 26 of 33 patients decreased colony-forming capacity was associated with disease transformation into acute myeloid leukemia or other clinically aggressive stages. An increased proportion of abnormally light buoyant density (less than 1.062 g/cm3) colony-forming cells was present in the marrow and peripheral blood of 15 of 16 patients with chronic myeloid leukemia, subacute myeloid leukemia, preleukemia or essential thrombocythemia; in seven of eight patients with greater than 35 per cent abnormally light colony-forming cells their disease subsequently underwent transformation. Elevated levels of urinary colony-stimulating factor output were noted in 17 of 31 patients, and in 10 of 12 patients whose disease subsequently underwent acute transformation within 10 months of study. In six of seven patients who simultaneously had an increased urinary output of colony-stimulating factor and low colony-forming capacity in marrow, transformation occurred within 10 months. These findings indicate that progressive abnormalities of both marrow clonal growth patterns and levels of possible humoral regulatory substances develop during evolution of these diseases. In contrast, patients with idiopathic sideroblastic ineffective erythropoiesis had normal values for marrow colony-forming capacity, proportion of light density colony-forming cells and urinary colony-stimulating factor output, and in none has their disease transformed into acute myeloid leukemia. These in vitro studies appear useful for clinical staging, evaluating prognosis and categorizing patients with myeloproliferative disorders.
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PMID:The myeloproliferative disorders. Correlation between clinical evolution and alterations of granulopoiesis. 108 34

Chromosome analyses were performed by a direct method on bone marrow cells of 147 patients with acute leukemia and preleukemia; in 53 chromosomally abnormal cell lines were found. Chromosome abnormalities due to structural alterations were observed in 48% of the aneuploid patients. Using the ASG banding technique, the exact identification of the abnormal chromosomes was successfully made in 22 aneuploid patients. Even though variability between patients existed in the chromosome changes; the nonrandom occurrence of some chromosome abnormalities was revealed, involving most frequently chromosomes No. 8 and No. 21. Abnormalities of chromosome No. 22 were not encountered, contrasting sharply with the frequent involvement of this chromosome in chronic myelogenous leukemia. The significance of the preferential involvement of No. 8 and No. 21 chromosomes is discussed in relation to leukemogenesis.
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PMID:Preferential involvement of chromosomes no. 8 and no. 21 in acute leukemia and preleukemia. 126 Jan 29

A morphometric analysis of bone marrow trephine biopsies has been performed to study the frequency and planimetric characteristics of so-called atypical micromegakaryocytes in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). In addition, an attempt was made to discriminate this particular cell population from small immature elements of megakaryocytopoiesis, such as promegakaryoblasts and megakaryoblasts. The staining reactions employed included periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) and immunohistochemistry with a monoclonal antibody against platelet glycoprotein IIIa (Y2/51-CD61). Comparison of the various staining reactions applied to the different megakaryocytic elements together with morphometric measurements resulted in a clearcut identification of promegakaryoblasts. These were defined as the earliest immature and exclusively CD61-positive precursors. Atypical micromegakaryocytes were characterized by their dysplastic features and strong ANAE reactivity in addition to their positive CD61 staining. When stringent diagnostic criteria (diameter ranging between 10 to 15 microns, mean size about 12 microns) were applied, this abnormal cell population comprised less than 10% of total megakaryocytopoiesis in CML and MDS. It may be assumed that dysmegakaryocytic features in the latter disorders are partially generated by small to medium-sized megakaryocytes (diameter less than 30 microns). In conclusion, the relative frequency of promegakaryoblasts in the normal bone marrow (range 6-8%) is confirmed by evaluation of the immunohistochemical and cytochemical staining methods (CD61 and ANAE). Furthermore, the ANAE reaction facilitates the recognition of atypical micromegakaryocytes as well as small megakaryocytes. Thus cytochemistry provides a better insight into alterations of these cell lineages in various pathological conditions.
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PMID:Atypical micromegakaryocytes, promegakaryoblasts and megakaryoblasts: a critical evaluation by immunohistochemistry, cytochemistry and morphometry of bone marrow trephines in chronic myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes. 127 89

In the present study we carried out allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) in 14 leukemia children with high risk prognostic factors. Six patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL), four with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), two with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), and two with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Among these patients, six with ANLL, two with ALL, one with CML and one with MDS were alive in complete remission 8 to 58 months post-BMT. Four patients died of relapse (one with ALL, and one with MDS), and chronic GVHD (one with ALL and one with CML). In six patients recombinant granulocyte colony stimulating factor (rG-CSF) was used to shorten the period of granulocytopenia. The mean time of recovery to granulocyte count of 500/mm3 was 13.2 days in the rG-CSF+ group, being 15.9 days faster than that in the rG-CSF- group. In light of these results, allogeneic BMT is shown to be a choice of treatment for leukemia children with high risk prognostic factors and rG-CSF may be an effective reagent to prevent infectious episodes in BMT.
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PMID:Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for malignant hematologic disorders in children. 128 58

Abnormalities in platelet dense granules, small intracellular organelles containing ATP, ADP, calcium, serotonin, and pyrophosphate, have frequently been reported in patients with leukemia and myeloproliferative disorders, particularly acute and chronic myelogenous leukemia. Recent studies of a family which includes several members with an autosomal dominant dense granule deficiency condition show an association between the presence of this form of dense granule deficiency and the development of acute myelogenous leukemia. Studies in two additional patients, one with the Monosomy 7 syndrome and the second with a myelodysplastic syndrome, revealed a defect in platelet dense granules. This defect appears to be due to an abnormality in the formation of these granules rather than the presence of empty vesicular structures or decreased contents due to activation associated secretion. The results suggest that the defect in platelet dense granules associated with leukemia or myelodysplastic syndromes may result from a chromosome alteration in the megakaryocyte cell line leading to decreased formation of dense granules. Studies in the family with an inherited bleeding disorder suggest that a gene coding for a protein important for the formation of dense granules is located adjacent to a gene which, when abnormal, may predispose to the development of leukemia.
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PMID:Platelet storage pool deficiency, leukemia, and myelodysplastic syndromes. 129 Sep 57

Between April 1982 and July 1990, 101 patients underwent allogeneic or syngeneic bone marrow transplantation at the Mayo Clinic. This patient population consisted of 30 with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, 25 with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 29 with chronic granulocytic leukemia, and 17 with other diseases (aplastic anemia in 7, myelodysplastic syndrome in 5, and lymphoma in 5). The results achieved in our patients who underwent transplantation in first complete remission of both acute nonlymphocytic leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia compare favorably with previously reported results. Only 1 of 15 patients (7%) with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia and 2 of 8 patients (25%) with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who underwent transplantation in first complete remission had a relapse. Thus, we recommend early bone marrow transplantation during initial complete remission for patients with either of these disorders who have adverse prognostic factors. In contrast, of 12 patients with either acute nonlymphocytic leukemia or acute lymphoblastic leukemia who underwent transplantation during relapse, 11 died within 6 months. Therefore, such patients should be offered new experimental treatments. Our patients with chronic granulocytic leukemia fared better when they underwent transplantation early during the course of their disease rather than during the accelerated or blast phase. Prospective studies are needed to determine the best approach in these patients.
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PMID:Mayo Clinic experience with allogeneic and syngeneic bone marrow transplantation, 1982 through 1990. 154 82

Chromosomal in situ suppression (CISS) hybridization was performed with library DNA from sorted human chromosomes 8, 9, 15, 17, 21, and 22 on immunologically stained bone marrow cells of four patients with a hematologic neoplasm, including two patients with myelodysplastic syndrome and trisomy 8, one patient with promyelocytic leukemia bearing the translocation t(15;17)(q22;q11-12), and one patient with chronic myeloid leukemia and the translocation t(9;22)(q34;q11). In all patients, the results of conventional karyotype analysis could be confirmed by one- or two-color CISS hybridization using the appropriate chromosome-specific libraries. Our results show that CISS hybridization can detect both numerical and structural chromosome changes in immunologically classified cells with high specificity and reliability. The fact that chromosome spreads of very poor quality can now be included in such analyses is a decisive advantage of this approach. In addition, the suitability of this approach for interphase cytogenetics is discussed.
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PMID:Chromosomal in situ suppression hybridization of immunologically classified mitotic cells in hematologic malignancies. 137 13


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