Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0023467 (acute myeloid leukemia)
 35,200 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The present study investigated the susceptibility of human leukemia cells to allogeneic lymphocytes with lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) activity from normal donors and autologous LAK activity from patients in complete remission. LAK activity was generated from peripheral-blood mononuclear cells cultured for 6 days with 1,000 U/ml recombinant interleukin-2 (IL-2). Cytotoxicity was evaluated using a standard 4-hour chromium release assay. Susceptibility of leukemic cells to LAK was defined on the basis of the mean Cr release in 52 samples of normal bone marrow cells. Using allogeneic LAK, we examined leukemic cells from bone marrow or peripheral blood of 252 patients [102 with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), 99 with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), 13 with chronic myelogenous leukemia in blast crisis (CML-BC) and 38 with chronic leukemias of various types]. A significant lysis could be detected in 62% of all leukemias tested (in 68% of AML, 60% ALL, 92% CML-BC, 39% chronic leukemias). The mean chromium release (effector-to-target cell ratio 50:1) was 28.8 +/- 13.5% for LAK-sensitive leukemias versus 5.2 +/- 3.2% for resistant leukemias. We observed a distinct susceptibility of various leukemia subtypes. LAK cytotoxicity against autologous leukemia cells was examined in 40 leukemia patients in complete remission (24 AML, 16 ALL). 63% of the patients developed a significant cytotoxicity against their autologous leukemia cells. Regarding mean Cr releases, the efficiency of allogeneic LAK activity of normal donors did not differ significantly from that of autologous LAK activity of patients in complete remission against the same leukemic target cells. Analysis of our data revealed that examinations with allogeneic LAK activity make it possible to predict whether patients will develop significant in vitro killing of their autologous leukemia cells during complete remission. These results may be of particular importance in determining which patients could benefit from immunologic therapy modalities and in scheduling immunotherapy. Further clinical studies are necessary to ascertain the clinical significance of therapeutic approaches with IL-2 or adoptive cellular immunotherapy combined with IL-2 for treatment of human leukemia.
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PMID:Susceptibility of human leukemia to allogeneic and autologous lymphokine-activated killer cell activity: analysis of 252 samples. 139

The karyotypes of 98 patients between the ages of 8 and 81 years with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) are presented. Although the well-described cytogenetic abnormalities associated with particular FAB subtypes in the West were observed, certain important local differences were noted. In ALL, hyperdiploidy was rarely observed, whereas the Philadelphia chromosome was observed in 50% of abnormal karyotypes. In AML, the t(8;21) was infrequently observed in M2 case, whereas trisomy 4 and 6, rarely reported elsewhere, formed 12% of the abnormal cases. In MDS, the incidence of -5/5q- and/or -7/7q- was 83% of cases with aberrant cytogenetic findings. Neither i(17q) nor an extra Ph was seen in 26 cases of CML including 9 cases of accelerated phase/blast crisis. In addition, previously unreported cytogenetic abnormalities occurring as single cases are presented. These findings are discussed in the context of geographical heterogeneity of chromosomal abnormalities in leukemia and emphasize the importance of continued epidemiologic studies of cytogenetics in hematologic malignancies.
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PMID:Cytogenetic analysis of hematologic malignancies in Hong Kong. A study of 98 cases. 139 2

The expression of C-myc proto-oncogene were studied at the levels of protein in bone marrow cells obtained from patients with AML and CML. It was found that the expression of C-myc in florid AML and during blast phase of CML were much higher than that in remission of AML and in chronic phase of CML. In 7 cases of AML diagnosed for the first time, 2 cases with high C-myc expression had no remission after 3-6 months, while 5 with rare C-myc expression had remission after 3-6 months. This results suggest that the expression of C-myc proto-oncogene are possibly sensitive indicator of the prognosis of leukemia.
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PMID:[The expression of C-myc oncogene in leukemia and its relationship to clinical symptoms]. 139 24

Our studies on the susceptibility of fresh noncultured leukemia cells to interleukin-2 (IL-2)-induced lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells have shown that about two thirds of the leukemias are susceptible to the LAK-cell-mediated cytolysis. Analysis of 214 acute leukemias revealed considerable variation in the degree of cytotoxicity achieved. Cytolysis was substantially lower in fresh noncultured acute leukemia samples than in K562 and Daudi cell lines (mean Cr-release 21.0 +/- 16.0% versus 69.2 +/- 6.6% and 70.8 +/- 7.9%). Augmentation of susceptibility to LAK-cell lysis is desirable in connection with therapeutic application of IL-2-induced effector mechanisms. We observed a relationship between the LAK-cell susceptibility of leukemia cells and their spontaneous proliferation rate, which is significantly higher in LAK-cell-sensitive than in LAK-cell-resistant leukemias. It was therefore considered useful to examine the possibility of augmenting LAK-cell sensitivity by proliferation induction. These studies demonstrate that incubation of blast cells from acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic myelogenous leukemia in myeloid blast crisis (CML-BC) with recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) significantly augments LAK-cell susceptibility and that this is associated with an increased cell proliferation.
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PMID:GM-CSF-mediated proliferation induction improves the susceptibility of leukemia cells to lymphokine-activated killer cells. 149 16

In both animal models and human studies in leukemia, residual disease on day 8 following myelosuppressive therapy is in a proliferative phase and therefore may be sensitive to the S-phase specific drug cytarabine. Based on this concept, 17 patients with refractory or relapsed leukemia or lymphoma undergoing either autologous or allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) were treated on a Phase I protocol using high doses of busulfan (16 mg/kg, days -10, -9, -8, -7) and cyclophosphamide (120 mg/kg, days -6, -5) followed by escalating doses of a 48-h continuous infusion of cytarabine (starting dose 1000 mg/m2/48 h, days -3, -2). Ten patients received autologous transplants (two with Hodgkin's disease, seven with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, one with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in blast phase). Seven received allogeneic BMT (two with refractory acute myelocytic leukemia (AML), one with refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) undergoing a second BMT, one with Burkitt's-type leukemia, one with ALL in fifth relapse and two with CML in accelerated/blast phase). Two of these patients received a T cell-depleted haploidentical transplant. The maximum tolerated dose of cytarabine was 1500 mg/m2/48 h; a pulmonary syndrome including dyspnea, hypoxemia, and interstitial infiltrates which responded to aggressive diuresis was the dose limiting toxicity. Of the 10 patients who received cytarabine doses of 2000 or 2500 mg/m2/48 h, five patients developed adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with three patients requiring intubation; two recovered. Of the nine patients with lymphoma, seven responded with complete tumor clearance (CTC) with two patients tumor-free 13 and 15 months post-BMT, one remained refractory and one died too early to evaluate (TETE).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Phase I study of busulfan, cyclophosphamide, and timed sequential escalating doses of cytarabine followed by bone marrow transplantation. 154 48

The reciprocal translocation (9;22)(q34;q11) is highly characteristic of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and the pericentric inversion inv(16)(p13q22) is almost only found in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia of the myelomonocytic subtype (ANLL M4). Only twice before have an inv(16) and a t(9;22) been found in the same cells, and both times the patients seemed to have de novo ANLL M4. We describe the case of a 21-year-old man who in July 1986 presented with a clinically and hematologically classic chronic phase CML. Treatment with busulfan led to no improvement; instead in September 1986 he developed blast crisis with ANLL M4Eo morphology. He was now cytogenetically examined and the karyotype 45,X,-Y,t(9;22)(q34;q11),inv(16)(p13q22) was found. Southern blot analysis of the bone marrow DNA sampled at this time revealed a standard rearrangement in the 3' end of the M-bcr. Intensive cytostatic treatment caused cytopenia followed by complete hematologic, clinical, and cytogenetic reversal to chronic phase CML, so that in January 1987 the bone marrow karyotype was 46,XY,t(9;22)(q34;q11). Persistent splenomegaly was treated with splenectomy, and a chloroma of the skin was removed by irradiation. In March 1987 he received an allogeneic bone marrow transplant. Since then his only medical problem has been mild graft-versus-host disease; he is well and is working full time as a blacksmith.
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PMID:Acute myelomonocytic leukemia with inv(16)(p13q22) complicating Philadelphia chromosome positive chronic myeloid leukemia. 155 89

Existing in vitro culture technology does not permit the routine propagation of most human myeloid leukemias. Previous work has shown the usefulness of mice with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) for the growth of human lymphoblastic leukemia. We show here that human myeloid cell lines and bone marrow samples from patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and blast crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) also grow in SCID mice. Human AML or CML cell lines (three of three lines tested) grew in the bone marrow and peripheral blood of the mice after intravenous (IV) inoculation in a pattern closely resembling human AML. To define the best conditions for the growth of primary human myeloid leukemia cells, samples were transplanted into mice at several alternative sites. Using flow cytometry and Southern analysis, mice were analyzed at defined intervals up to 36 weeks after transplantation for the presence of human cells in various tissues. For four of four patients with AML and two of two patients with blast crisis of CML, myeloblasts grew locally at the site of implantation and were detected in the murine hematopoietic tissues. In contrast, marrow implants from patients in the chronic phase of CML (six patients) showed infrequent and limited myeloid growth in the mice. These findings demonstrate that the SCID mouse is a reproducible system for the propagation of blastic human myeloid leukemias. The differential growth of early- versus late-phase CML suggests that the SCID mouse may be a useful assay for identifying biologically aggressive leukemias early in their clinical presentation.
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PMID:Propagation of human blastic myeloid leukemias in the SCID mouse. 156 35

An exponential function is proposed to describe cell growth, which incorporates the parameter signifying the population's proliferative index (f). This growth function could describe with precision the increase of peripheral blasts registered in one case of untreated CML at blast crisis, in which it revealed a pattern of growth characterized by f maintained constant at 0.5. The specific rate of blast growth remained unchanged throughout CML blast crisis. Based on the proposed growth expression and the calculation of progenitor cell presence in blood, a similar pattern of growth, in which f = 0.5, became apparent for AML progenitors in two cases of relapsing AML. The presence of leukemic progenitors in blood was quantified by adopting an indirect approach. The estimated fs compared closely with 3H-thymidine indexes previously obtained (literature data) for leukemic blasts and their progenitors. It is considered that the pattern of proliferation that maintains f = 0.5 may characterize the mode of cell growth that pertains in stages of advancing leukemia. Transfer of cells from quiescence to the state of proliferative activity is assumed as controlled, viewed in the line of a model of cell growth that requires f = 0.5 and constant specific rate of growth.
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PMID:Malignant cell growth in advancing leukemia. 156 70

Defects of 3q in bands q21 and q26 have been reported in more than 70 cases of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), and myeloproliferative disorder (MPD) in blast crisis. In this paper three additional patients are described: patient 1 with refractory anemia with excess of blasts in transformation (RAEB-T) and inv(3)(q21q26), patient 2 with RAEB-T and t(3;3)(q21;q26), and patient 3 with myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia (MMM) in blast crisis and inv(3)(q21q26). In addition to 3q rearrangements, monosomy 7 and del(7)(q22q36) were observed in patients 1 and 2, respectively. In the three patients, the most characteristic clinical features were elevated platelet counts, marked hyperplasia with dysplasia of the megakaryocytes, and poor prognosis. Although disturbance of thrombopoiesis was not systematically observed in all patients with t(3;3)(q21;q26), inv(3)(q21q26), and ins or dup(3)(q21----q26), study of the 77 cases reported and of the three cases presented here brings further evidence to the existence of a cytogenetic syndrome involving bands q21 and q26 simultaneously, which represents a subtype of ANLL, MDS, and MPD, characterized by normal or elevated platelet counts, hyperplasia with dysplasia of megakaryocytes, multilineage involvement, young median age of patients with MDS, preferential involvement of women in t(3;3), high incidence of chromosome 7 defects in MDS and ANLL, short duration of the MDS phase, no response to chemotherapy, short survival, and por prognosis.
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PMID:Three new cases of chromosome 3 rearrangement in bands q21 and q26 with abnormal thrombopoiesis bring further evidence to the existence of a 3q21q26 syndrome. 158 80

The lamins are intermediate filament proteins that form a fibrous layer at the periphery of the nucleus. Experiments in cell-free systems have suggested that mammalian lamins A and C mediate an interaction between chromatin and the inner nuclear membrane that is essential for the reformation of the nucleus after mitosis. Other investigations, however, have suggested that lamins A and C are absent from myeloid cells and myeloid leukemia cell lines. To further investigate this apparent paradox, highly sensitive Western blotting techniques were utilized in the present study to examine the expression of lamins A and C in a series of human myeloid leukemia cell lines and in bone marrow samples from patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) and chronic myelogenous leukemia. Western blotting revealed that HL-60 progranulocytic leukemia cells contained an average of 0.1 x 10(6) copies of lamins A and C per cell compared to 0.5 x 10(6) copies of lamin B1 (the quantitatively prominent human B-type lamin) per cell. During the process of phorbol ester-induced maturation to macrophages, the mRNA for lamins A and C increased in abundance, with a concomitant 4-fold increase in the average cellular content of these polypeptides. To rule out the possibility that the low but detectable levels of lamins A and C observed in untreated HL-60 cells reflected incipient maturation, the content of lamins A and C was analyzed in ANLL cell lines that do not mature toward granulocytes or monocytes. Lamins A and C were readily detected in cell lines (KG1a, HEL, Mo-7e) derived from patients with a variety of subtypes of ANLL. Expression of lamins A and C was not limited to myeloid cell lines. These polypeptides were also detectable in marrow samples from 9 of 26 patients with ANLL including at least 1 patient from each of the 5 subtypes of ANLL examined. In contrast, only 1 of 12 marrow samples from patients with aggressive phase chronic myelogenous leukemia and chronic myelogenous leukemia in blast crisis contained readily detectable lamins A and C. The implications of these findings for current hypotheses regarding the functions of the lamin polypeptides are discussed.
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PMID:Expression of nuclear envelope lamins A and C in human myeloid leukemias. 158 98


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