Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0023418 (leukemia)
 93,477 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

NVP-LAQ824 is a novel potent hydroxamic acid-derived histone deacetylase inhibitor that induces apoptosis in nanomolar concentrations in myeloid leukemia cell lines and patient samples. Here we show the activity of NVP-LAQ824 in acute myeloid leukemia cells and BCR/ABL-expressing cells of mouse and human origin, both sensitive and resistant to imatinib mesylate (Gleevec, STI-571). Whereas imatinib inhibited overall cellular tyrosine phosphorylation in Ba/F3.p210 cells, NVP-LAQ824 did not inhibit tyrosine phosphorylation, and did not affect BCR/ABL or ABL protein expression. Neither compound was able to inhibit cellular tyrosine phosphorylation in the imatinib-resistant Ba/F3.p210-T315I cell line. These data taken together suggest that BCR/ABL kinase activity is not a direct target of NVP-LAQ824. Synergy between NVP-LAQ824 and imatinib was demonstrated against BCR/ABL-expressing K562 myeloid leukemia cell lines. In addition, we show that NVP-LAQ824 was well tolerated in vivo in a pre-clinical murine leukemia model, with antileukemia activity resulting in significant prolongation of the survival of mice when treated with NVP-LAQ824 compared to control mice. Taken together, these findings provide the framework for NVP-LAQ824 as a novel therapeutic in myeloid malignancies.
Leukemia 2004 Dec
PMID:Histone deacetylase inhibitor NVP-LAQ824 has significant activity against myeloid leukemia cells in vitro and in vivo. 1549 78

In this work, double- and single-stranded small-interference RNAs (siRNAs) were designed to knock down the bcr/abl oncogene in leukaemia KYO-1 cells. The siRNA molecules were targeted against two distinct sites encompassing the b2a2 junction of the bcr/abl transcripts. The siRNAs were able to reduce the levels of both bcr/abl mRNA and protein p210(BCR/ABL). Conversely, control siRNAs bearing 3 or 4 base-pair substitutions did not produce any inhibitory effect. The designed siRNAs were also found to be active in KCl22 cells, which harbor the b2a2 junction, but not in K562 cells, which, by contrast, harbor the b3a2 junction. The anti-b2a2 siRNAs promoted biological effects on KYO-1 cells, because the bcr/abl suppression resulted in the inhibition of cell growth and colony formation in agar and activation of apoptosis and upregulation of the cell-cycle inhibitor p27 protein. The bioactivity of the designed siRNAs is discussed in terms of internal stability of the RNA duplexes. Our data suggest that siRNAs can be considered strong tools for functional analysis of bcr/abl and for developing molecular therapeutic approaches to leukaemia.
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PMID:Efficient silencing of bcr/abl oncogene by single- and double-stranded siRNAs targeted against b2a2 transcripts. 1561 7

Progress in understanding the molecular basis of signal transmission and transduction has contributed substantially to clarifying the mechanisms of leukemogenesis and of leukemia progression and has led to the identification of a number of specific molecular targets for treatment. Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) has provided one of the best models, as the identification of a leukemia-specific hybrid tyrosine kinase (BCR-ABL, p210, p190) has led to the identification and the successful therapeutic application of a powerful tyrosine kinase inhibitor, imatinib. The BCR-ABL fusion gene is the result of a reciprocal translocation between the long arms of chromosomes 9 and 22, t(9;22)(q34;q11), which characterizes more than 95% of the cases of CML. The resulting chimeric proteins (P210 and P190), which retain a constitutively activated tyrosine kinase activity, have a causative role in the genesis of the leukemia process. In agreement with this observation, BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitors have recently emerged as powerful new therapeutic tools, obtaining extraordinary results in early chronic-phase CML as well as in more advanced phases of the disease. Although these results represent a remarkable breakthrough, there are still numerous issues, such as the emergence of resistance, that remain unsolved and that will need further investigation. In spite of its low incidence, CML remains a paradigmatic model for understanding the pathogenesis and therapeutic options of human leukemias.
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PMID:Rational approaches to the design of therapeutics targeting molecular markers: the case of chronic myelogenous leukemia. 1565 Feb 67

The mechanism underlying p210(BCR/ABL) oncoprotein-mediated transformation in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is not fully understood. We hypothesized that p210(BCR/ABL) suppresses expression of genes which may explain at least some of the pathogenetic features of CML. A subtractive cDNA library was created between BCR/ABL-enhanced-green-fluorescent-protein (GFP)-transduced umbilical cord blood (UCB) CD34+ cells and GFP-transduced UCB CD34+ cells to identify genes whose expression is downregulated by p210(BCR/ABL). At least 100 genes were identified. We have confirmed for eight of these genes that expression was suppressed by quantitative real-time-RT-PCR (Q-RT-PCR) of additional p210(BCR/ABL)-transduced CD34+ UCB cells as well as primary early chronic phase (CP) bone marrow (BM) CML CD34+ cells. Imatinib mesylate reversed downregulation of some genes, to approximately normal levels. Several of the genes are implicated in cell adhesion and motility, including L-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and the chemokine receptor, CCR7, consistent with the known defect in adhesion and migration of CML cells. Compared with GFP UCB or normal (NL) BM CD34+ cells, p210 UCB and CML CD34+ cells migrated poorly towards the CCR7 ligands, CCL19 and CCL21, suggesting a possible role for CCR7 in the abnormal migratory behavior of CML CD34+ cells.
Leukemia 2005 Mar
PMID:BCR/ABL-mediated downregulation of genes implicated in cell adhesion and motility leads to impaired migration toward CCR7 ligands CCL19 and CCL21 in primary BCR/ABL-positive cells. 1567 60

In an effort to develop an experimental system suitable for immunological studies in which Bcr-Abl-positive cells are to be used as antigens, we examined the properties of two mouse (Balb/c) established cell lines that express the Bcr-Abl protein and are oncogenic for syngeneic animals. Under standard conditions the two cell lines, viz. Ba-p210 (B210) and 12B1, expressed comparable amounts of the Bcr-Abl protein. However, they differed in a number of characteristics. From the morphological point of view, B210 cells were the more homogeneous, being mainly represented by leukaemic blastic cells with a large number of AgNORs as markers indicating a high proliferative activity. 12B1 cells were more polymorphic and giant cells were detected within their populations. Many 12B1 cells exhibited nuclear segmentation and "band-like" structures. Markers of proliferation were less frequent in 12B1 and the tendency for aging was more pronounced in these cells. The 12B1 cells were slightly more sensitive to imatinib mesylate than B210 cells. In B210 cells, the expression of MHC class I was downregulated, which was not the case with 12B1 cells. Both cell lines induced leukaemia-like disease in mice after intravenous application but, as compared with B210, 12B1 cells were about 100 times more oncogenic and the disease they induced was more aggressive. Moreover, 12B1, but not B210, induced tumours after subcutaneous or intraperitoneal inoculation.
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PMID:Characteristic of two mouse bcr-abl-transformed cell lines: I. General properties of the cells. 1578 87

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is caused by the constitutively active Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase. This fusion protein is generated by the Philadelphia translocation t(9;22). CML is a progressive condition that invariably advances from a drug-sensitive to a drug-resistant, aggressive, acute leukemia. The mechanisms responsible for this progression are largely unknown; however, in many cases, progression is accompanied by an increase in Bcr-Abl expression. Osteopontin (OPN) expression has been shown to be involved in the progression and increased aggression and invasiveness of many solid tumors. Here, we demonstrate that OPN expression is induced in a model of leukemia, and we describe the identification of specific signaling pathways required for the induction of OPN expression by p210 Bcr-Abl. We have determined that high levels of Bcr-Abl activate a signaling cascade involving the sequential activation of Ras, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase, atypical protein kinase C, Raf-1, and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, leading to the ultimate expression of OPN. Our results suggest that these molecules represent a single pathway and also that there is no redundancy in this pathway, as inhibition of any individual component results in a block in the induction of OPN. The data presented here define for the first time the ability of Bcr-Abl to stimulate the expression of OPN and also identify the signaling pathway involved. This may not only prove important in understanding the mechanisms of progression of CML but also highlights a pathway that may prove significant in many other cases of oncogenesis, where OPN expression is implicated.
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PMID:Bcr-Abl regulates osteopontin transcription via Ras, PI-3K, aPKC, Raf-1, and MEK. 1585 38

The concurrent development of chronic myeloid (CML) or myelomonocytic (CMML) leukemia in patients with systemic mastocytosis (SM) is a well recognized phenomenon. Although the leukemia often resembles CML in morphological and in clinical terms, a Ph-Chromosome-positive variant has not been reported in SM so far. We here describe a 43-year-old female patient with typical Ph-Chromosome-positive CML in whom a co-existing bone marrow mastocytosis, a special subvariant of SM, was diagnosed. RT-PCR analysis revealed the typical p210 kDa form of BCR/ABL in leukemic cells. The diagnosis SM was based on the typical focal aggregates of spindle-shaped mast cells (MC) in the bone marrow, expression of CD25 in MC, and the c-kit mutation D816V, which was detectable in microdissected bone marrow MC, but not in microdissected leukemic cells, suggesting the presence of two different (sub)clones of neoplastic cells. Therapy with the BCR/ABL-targeting drug Imatinib (STI571) resulted in complete cytogenetic remission of CML. Together, our case provides further evidence for the biologic diversity of leukemias that may occur in patients with SM. The exact knowledge of the pathology and target-profile of the associated leukemias in SM have important therapeutic implications.
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PMID:Ph-Chromosome-positive chronic myeloid leukemia with associated bone marrow mastocytosis. 1611 40

p62(DOK1) (DOK1) and p56(DOK2) (DOK2) are sequence homologs that act as docking proteins downstream of receptor or nonreceptor tyrosine kinases. Originally identified in chronic myelogenous leukemia cells as a highly phosphorylated substrate for the chimeric p210(bcr-abl) protein, DOK1 was suspected to play a role in leukemogenesis. However, p62(DOK1-/-) fibroblast knockout cells were found to have enhanced MAPK signaling and proliferation due to growth factors, suggesting negative regulatory capabilities for DOK1. The role of DOK1 and DOK2 in leukemogeneis thus is enigmatic. The data in this report show that both the DOK1 and the DOK2 adaptor proteins are constitutively expressed in the myelomonoblastic leukemia cell line, HL-60, and that expression of both proteins is induced by the chemotherapeutic differentiation causing agents, all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (VD3). Ectopic expression of either protein enhances atRA- or VD3-induced growth arrest, differentiation, and G(0)/G(1) cell cycle arrest and results in increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation. DOK1 and DOK2 are similarly effective in these capabilities. The data provide evidence that DOK1 and DOK2 proteins have a similar role in regulating cell proliferation and differentiation and are positive regulators of the MAPK signaling pathway in this context.
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PMID:All-trans retinoic acid induces p62DOK1 and p56DOK2 expression which enhances induced differentiation and G0 arrest of HL-60 leukemia cells. 1682 27

The deregulated kinase activity of p210-BCR/ABL oncoproteins, hallmark of chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML), induces and sustains the leukaemic phenotype, and contributes to disease progression. Imatinib mesylate, a BCR/ABL kinase inhibitor, is effective in most of chronic phase CML patients. However, a significant percentage of CML patients develop resistance to imatinib and/or still progresses to blast crisis, a disease stage that is often refractory to imatinib therapy. Furthermore, there is compelling evidence indicating that the CML leukaemia stem cell is also resistant to imatinib. Thus, there is still a need for new drugs that, if combined with imatinib, will decrease the rate of relapse, fully overcome imatinib resistance and prevent blastic transformation of CML. We recently reported that the activity of the tumour suppressor protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is markedly inhibited in blast crisis CML patient cells and that molecular or pharmacologic re-activation of PP2A phosphatase led to growth suppression, enhanced apoptosis, impaired clonogenic potential and decreased in vivo leukaemogenesis of imatinib-sensitive and -resistant (T315I included) CML-BC patient cells and/or BCR/ABL+ myeloid progenitor cell lines. Thus, the combination of PP2A phosphatase-activating and BCR/ABL kinase-inhibiting drugs may represent a powerful therapeutic strategy for blast crisis CML patients.
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PMID:ReSETting PP2A tumour suppressor activity in blast crisis and imatinib-resistant chronic myelogenous leukaemia. 1695 42

Imatinib mesylate is a selective inhibitor of the oncogenic tyrosine kinase, Bcr-Abl, and is widely used as a first-line treatment for chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). Prolonged monotherapy is frequently associated with patients becoming refractory to imatinib. Therefore, there is considerable interest in small molecule inhibitors which may be used either as replacements or as adjuncts to existing imatinib therapy. For this purpose, it is most likely that drugs which do not share imatinib's mechanism of action will be most valuable. We compared two such compounds with different modes of action, adaphostin and 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG), for their cytotoxic effect and ability to induce the downregulation of cellular proteins in a murine haemopoietic cell line transformed with human p210(Bcr-Abl), and two subclones resistant to imatinib owing to an Abl-kinase domain mutation (E255K) or amplification of the BCR-ABL gene, respectively. We found that, whereas 17-AAG selectively killed Bcr-Abl-positive cells and inhibited proteins dependent on heat-shock protein 90 for their stability (p210(Bcr-Abl) and Akt), adaphostin induced the downregulation of multiple cell-signalling proteins (p210(Bcr-Abl), Akt, Bcr, Abl and STAT5a) and was cytotoxic to both Bcr-Abl-positive and -negative cells. We suggest that both compounds may prove useful in the treatment of CML but caution that undesirable side-effects may result from the inhibition of multiple cell signalling proteins.
Leukemia 2007 Mar
PMID:Different target range and cytotoxic specificity of adaphostin and 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin in imatinib-resistant and sensitive cell lines. 1725 18


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