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Query: UMLS:C0023418 (leukemia)
 93,477 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Six infants with acute megakaryoblastic leukemia and a translocation (1;22)(p13;q13) were studied. There were five female infants and one male infant, and the age at initial examination varied from 0.8 to 6.5 months (median, 2.3 months). All the patients had hepatosplenomegaly and anemia (6 to 8.3 g/dL), and four patients had thrombocytopenia (9,000 to 63,000/mm3). The bone marrow showed prominent fibrosis in five cases and reticulin fibrosis in one patient at presentation. Crush artifact often made the histologic sections difficult to interpret, but typical megakaryoblasts could be identified in the smears. Biopsy specimens of the liver and lymph node were suggestive of a nonhematopoietic malignant condition because of the cohesiveness of the tumor cells, stromal fibrosis, and the prominent sinusoidal and vascular pattern of infiltration. Immunophenotyping of peripheral blood mononuclear cells was helpful in identifying the blasts as belonging to the megakaryoblastic lineage. Using a panel of mononclonal antibodies, it was also possible to confirm the nature of the infiltration in paraffin sections and to differentiate it from other childhood small round cell tumors, especially neuroblastoma in paraffin sections (typical staining pattern: CD45-, CD43+, vW Factor, Ulex europeus I+, CD20-, CD45RO-, synaptophysin-, chromogranin-, cytokeratin-, desmin-). This special type of infantile acute leukemia can be recognized with confidence if one is aware of its clinical features, peculiar pathologic characteristics, the morphologic features and immunophenotype of the megakaryoblasts, and the unique cytogenetic abnormality.
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PMID:Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia in infants with t(1;22)(p13;q13) abnormality. 151 33

Embryonic stem (ES) cells isolated from late blastocysts can now be maintained in culture in an undifferentiated state provided they are grown in the presence of a specific differentiation inhibitor, known variously as leukaemia inhibiting factor (LIF) or differentiation inhibiting activity (DIA), found at high concentrations in medium conditioned by Buffalo rat liver (BRL) cells. ES cells acquired a differentiated phenotype in monolayer, either when in the absence of LIF/DIA or in the presence of retinoic acid (RA). We have now characterized this bipotential differentiation of ES cells in terms of a series of extracellular matrix and cell surface proteins as well as cytokeratin expression, and compared it with the changes observed during the differentiation of two embryonal carcinoma (EC) cell lines, P19 and F9. ES cells exposed to RA in the presence of LIF/DIA largely resembled F9 EC + RA after 5 days, while ES cells deprived of LIF/DIA formed a culture with mixed phenotype resembling P19 EC + RA. This study therefore establishes the predominantly parietal endoderm-like phenotype of cells derived from ES by RA induction, and suggests that a mixed population of endoderm- and ill-defined mesoderm-like cells are formed after removal of specific inhibitor(s) of differentiation.
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PMID:Characteristics of embryonic stem cell differentiation: a comparison with two embryonal carcinoma cell lines. 169 21

Most acute leukemias occurring in patients with mediastinal germ cell tumors (MGCTs) appear to be primary rather than therapy-related; however, no data have been obtained to date to confirm the hypothesized germ cell origin of the leukemias in this syndrome. We identified six male patients with this syndrome treated at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center: in all six, the leukemia was studied immunohistochemically for various hematologic and germ cell antigens; in four, the karyotype of the leukemia was available; in one, the MGCT had also been karyotyped. In three patients, we found evidence of a germ cell origin of the acute leukemias. A 19-year-old male developed an acute myeloblastic leukemia 11 months after presenting with an MGCT; karyotypes of the two tumors showed them to be clonally related, both showing an i(12p), a cytogenetic marker of germ cell tumors. A 16-year-old male with probable Klinefelter's syndrome presented simultaneously with acute monocytic leukemia and an MGCT; although the MGCT was not karyotyped, the leukemia showed an i(12p). A 23-year-old male developed concurrently an MGCT and acute myelomonocytic leukemia; the leukemia cells coexpressed myelomonocytic antigens (HAM56, My4, My9) and cytokeratin, suggesting dual differentiation, myeloid and germ cell. Evidence for a germ cell origin of the acute leukemias in the three other patients was not obtained, although in all three the MGCT and the leukemia occurred simultaneously, supporting an etiologic relationship. Hence, these leukemias may represent another form of non-germ cell malignancy developing in germ cell tumors. All patients died of the leukemia, with a median survival of less than 2 months. This syndrome may be a useful pathologic model for the study of germ cell differentiation and hematopoietic ontogeny.
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PMID:Cytogenetic and immunohistochemical evidence for the germ cell origin of a subset of acute leukemias associated with mediastinal germ cell tumors. 215 16

The present study describes 11 cases (10 carcinomas, one rhabdomyosarcoma) in which immuno-alkaline phosphatase labelling with monoclonal antibodies was used to demonstrate metastatic cells in routine smears of aspirated bone marrow. Carcinoma cells were detected using antibodies against epithelial cytokeratins, milk fat globule membrane antigen and carcinoembryonic antigen, and rhabdomyosarcoma cells with monoclonal anti-desmin. In four of the carcinoma cases it had not been possible to identify malignant cells in routinely stained marrow smears, whilst the case of disseminated rhabdomyosarcoma had initially been diagnosed (and treated) as a case of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. The anti-cytokeratin antibody was found to be the most valuable of the anti-epithelial reagents used, since it labelled malignant cells in all of the 10 cases of carcinoma and gave the strongest reactions. These results suggest that immunocytochemical labelling should be used in cases of suspected carcinoma whenever conventional examination of marrow smears yields negative results, and furthermore (as illustrated by the case of rhabdomyosarcoma) that the technique is of value for identifying the true nature of poorly differentiated neoplasms in bone marrow.
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PMID:Detection of metastatic tumour cells in routine bone marrow smears by immuno-alkaline phosphatase labelling with monoclonal antibodies. 241 78

The flow cytometric (FCM) analysis of carcinomas is often hampered by the presence of stromal and inflammatory cells in the cell suspensions obtained from such neoplasms. Therefore, an FCM method was developed to distinguish epithelial from nonepithelial cells by using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to (cyto)keratins, the epithelial type of intermediate filament proteins. Using a model system of cultured bladder carcinoma (T24) and leukemia (MOLT-4) cells, we tested our hypothesis and procedures by labeling cell mixtures with these antibodies. After incubation with an appropriate intermediate filament antibody and propidium iodide staining, the DNA content and distribution of T24 cells could be analyzed separately from MOLT-4 cells. When applied to cell suspensions of endometrial carcinomas, bladder carcinomas and Grawitz tumors, only the epithelial (primarily carcinoma) cells were stained for cytokeratin; these cells could thus be analyzed separately from stromal, inflammatory and other nonepithelial cells. In this way, a more accurate FCM analysis of the malignant fraction within a tumor can be achieved.
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PMID:Application of antibodies to intermediate filament proteins as tissue-specific probes in the flow cytometric analysis of complex tumors. 243 16

Using four human tumor cell lines, MCF-7 and T47-D from breast tumors, MOLT-4 and K-562 from leukemia, flow cytometric DNA analysis of pure and mixed cell population was performed using monoclonal antibodies to cytokeratin to distinguish cytokeratin-containing carcinoma cells from leukemia cells which do not contain cytokeratins. Surprisingly, on pure or mixed K-562 cells, we found positive labeling with KL1, CK8, and CK18 antibodies (results confirmed by immunocytology). This preliminary study has allowed a DNA analysis on epithelial cells of human breast tumors.
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PMID:Cytokeratin analysis of breast and leukemia tumor cell lines by flow cytometry. 247 21

Serum antibodies to cytoskeletal systems were measured by indirect immunofluorescence using human skin fibroblasts and HEp2 cells as substrate. Healthy adults had IgM antibodies to vimentin and cytokeratin at 60 times serum dilution. IgG concentration did not have a correlation with IgG anti-cytoskeletal system antibodies and IgM concentration correlated with anti-vimentin and anti-cytokeratin antibodies. In patients with adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), IgG antibody titer against actin and vimentin was increased in spite of a decreased IgG concentration. IgM antibodies to vimentin was decreased in its titer together with a decreased IgM concentration. Antibody titer to HTLV-1, leukemic cell counts in peripheral blood and disease type, acute or chronic, did not have correlations with anti-cytoskeletal system antibodies. A third of the patients with ATL showed negative anti-EBNA antibody, suggesting that the functional impairment in EBV-specific killer cells was present. In contrast, the patients with infectious mononucleosis showed increased serum IgM concentration and IgM anti-vimentin antibody titer. It was suggested that the autoantibodies to cytoskeletal systems associated with viral infection were mainly composed of IgG in ATL and of IgM in infectious mononucleosis.
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PMID:[Antibodies to cytoskeletal systems in patients with adult T-cell leukemia and infectious mononucleosis]. 281 Jul 84

Using two human tumour cell lines, T24 bladder carcinoma and Molt-4 leukemia, flow-cytometric DNA analysis of pure and mixed cell populations was performed using cellular cytokeratin content to distinguish cytokeratin-containing carcinoma cells from leukemia cells which do not contain cytokeratin. Using cytokeratin content to gate DNA analysis, the same specificity and sensitivity of cellular DNA content and distribution measurement could be achieved by single-pass FCM analysis of a mixture of the two cell types as was seen when analysing pure populations of the two cell lines. This technique has broad applicability to FCM analysis of mixed populations composed of cells from different tissues of origin.
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PMID:Flow-cytometric analysis of mixed cell populations using intermediate filament antibodies. 620 68

Granulocytic sarcoma (GS) is a localized tumour of immature granulocytes that is usually associated with myelogenous leukaemia. We report an unusual case of mastoid GS with meningeal extension but no bone marrow involvement on presentation. Histological examination of the surgical specimen and the characteristic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytology showing cytoplasmic granulations and Auer bodies led to the diagnosis of GS. Positive cytochemical staining of the immature CSF cells for naphthol-ASD chloroacetate esterase and myeloperoxidase confirmed their myeloid origin. Immunophenotyping did not reveal common acute lymphoblastic leukaemia antigen, cytokeratin, T- or B-cell antigens. The patient underwent surgical resection of the localized tumour, followed by radiation therapy, intrathecal and systemic chemotherapy, as if he had acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML). He did not develop AML in the 21 months after the tumour resection. This case emphasizes the value of CSF cytological examination of tumour cells and the use of an immunocytochemical marker for differentiating GS from malignant lymphoma.
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PMID:Cerebrospinal fluid cytology in granulocytic sarcoma with meningeal extension but without bone marrow involvement. 751 24

This report presents a case of common acute lymphoblastic leukaemia-lymphoma expressing low molecular weight cytokeratin but no leukocyte common antigen (CD45) in a 57-year-old man. The unusual morphology and clinical course together with the aberrant immunohistochemical results suggested a diagnosis of undifferentiated carcinoma. A detailed immunohistochemistry study on frozen and paraffin sections and molecular analysis prevented a diagnostic mistake.
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PMID:Common acute lymphoblastic leukaemia-lymphoma expressing cytokeratin: a case report. 752 53


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