Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0023418 (leukemia)
 93,477 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A type C RNA virus has been detected in the culture fluids of the SU-DHL-1 human histiocytic lymphoma cell line previously established in this laboratory. In electron micrographs, the virus closely resembled other typical mammalian type C RNA tumor viruses in size and morphology. Viral RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity has been demonstrated in particles (densities of 1.15 and 1.22 g/ml) in the microsomal cytoplasmic fraction and in pellets of culture fluids. The enzyme is partially inhibited by antibodies to the RNA-dependent DNA polymerases of simian sarcoma virus and RD-114 virus but not by antibody to the polymerase of murine leukemia virus, suggesting some degree of relatedness to type C viruses of subhuman primate origin. Typical syncytial microplaques were induced when SU-DHL-1 cells were cocultivated with rat XC cells. Although no focus formation was noted in similarly cocultivated mouse UC1-B cell cultures, the numbers of foci induced in rat embryo fibroblasts by murine sarcoma virus were significantly increased by coinfection with the virus from SU-DHL-1 cell culture fluids. No other evidence of infectivity, inducibility, or capacity for helper rescue of defective murine sarcoma virus genomes has been detected to date in cocultivation studies with a spectrum of fibroblastic and other nonlymphoid indicator cell lines of human and other species of origin.
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PMID:Isolation of a type C RNA virus from an established human histiocytic lymphoma cell line. 7 39

We have previously shown that non-proliferating human T- but not B-lymphocytes contain demonstrable amounts of acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE). The usefulness of this histochemical marker for the diagnosis and classification of malignant lymphoid tumors was investigated by use of a panel of established normal and malignant human haematopoietic cell lines and fresh biopsy cells from malignant lymphomas and myelomas. The results showed that not only the T-cell derived acute leukaemia lines, but also histiocytic lymphoma and myeloma lines and some of the lymphoma (Burkitt and lymphocytic) and non-neoplastic lymphoblastoid cell lines with B-cell surface markers expressed strong ANAE reactivity. Some but not all of the immunoglobulin producing myeloma and lymphocytic lymphoma biopsies were ANAE-positive. Inhibition experiments with sodium fluoride and E-600 demonstrated that although the T-lymphocyte specific esterase is predominantly of 'A'-type, the malignant lines contain also non-specific 'B' esterase and pseudocholinesterase. As the presence of the various esterases did not demonstrate any specific distribution pattern among he haematopoietic cell lines of different origin, we concluded that the ANAE marker is no longer T-specific when malignant lymphoid cells are considered, and that the usefulness of this marker in routine diagnostic work therefore is limited.
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PMID:Presence of alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase activity in human haematopoietic cell lines and in fresh biopsy specimens of lymphoma and myeloma. 30 88

Fourteen cases of primary malignant lymphomas of the breast were found in the pathology files of the M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute from 1944 to 1975. The lymphomas represented only 0.12% of 11,277 primary malignant breast tumors seen during the same period. There were no definite clinical features to distinguish the patients with lymphoma from those with breast carcinoma. All of the lymphomas had a diffuse pattern. Eight cases were classified as undifferentiated lymphoma, five as histiocytic, and one as poorly differentiated lymphocytic, convoluted cell type. Four patients had mastectomies and the remainder biopsies as their sole surgical procedure. Eight patients received post-surgical radiotherapy and all eventually had chemotherapy. The five-year survival rate for the 13 patients with follow-up was 49%. Patients with histiocytic lymphoma appeared to have a more favorable prognosis than those with the undifferentiated type. Six of the latter patients are dead with a median survival of seven months, comparable to the reported survival of patients with American Burkitt's lymphoma. The patient with the convoluted cell type has developed acute blastic leukemia and is currently under therapy.
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PMID:Primary malignant lymphomas of the breast. 32 51

A case of granulocytic sarcoma involving the uterine cervix as primary manifestation without evidence of leukemia is presented. It was followed by neurological symptoms 19 months later and a right breast mass 26 months after the initial cervical lesion, but still with no evidence of leukemia. Two years and four months after onset, soft tissue and skin nodules developed and rare blastic cells appeared on peripheral blood smear. The patient terminally developed acute granulocytic leukemia with a rapidly downhill course. The differential diagnosis of granulocytic sarcoma and histiocytic lymphoma is discussed. The literature is reviewed with emphasis on the clinical and pathological problems that arise when the tumor presents in an unusual location without peripheral blood manifestation of leukemia.
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PMID:Granulocytic sarcoma of the cervix as a primary manifestation: case without overt leukemic features for 26 months. 33 40

Isophosphamide was administered to 27 patients with acute leukemia and to 15 patients with malignant lymphoma refractory to primary therapy. The starting dose of isophosphamide was 1200 mg/m2 administered as a daily continuous infusion x 5 days; the courses of treatment were repeated every 2-3 weeks. Of the 27 patients with acute leukemia, four achieved complete remission, two achieved partial remission, and two achieved hematologic improvement. However, no responses occurred in ten patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Thus, the response rate was 47% (eight responses among among 17 patients, in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and acute undifferentiated leukemia. Seven of the 15 patients with malignant lymphoma responded. Most responses (five of six patients) occurred in patients with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma. Twenty-one of the 42 patients had received prior therapy with cyclophosphamide and 12 of these patients (two with leukemia and ten with lymphoma) responded, thus suggesting that as in the treatment of L1210 leukemia, isophosphamide is effective for tumors resistant to prior cyclophosphamide therapy. No significant genitourinary toxicity occurred; however, myelosuppression became the dose-limiting toxicity. Isophosphamide is active in malignant lymphomas and acute leukemias (except AML) and may have a role in combination regimens for such diseases.
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PMID:Isophosphamide therapy for hematologic malignancies in patients refractory to prior treatment. 35 Mar 86

Although the term thymic hyperplasia is used most commonly to indicate the occurrence of germinal centers in the thymus, cognizance must be taken of the fact that such centers may occur in apparently normal thymuses in both children and adults. A concept of thymic compartmentalization is proposed with origin of germinal centers in the perivascular space (extraparenchymal compartment) of the thymus. These germinal centers contain a high percentage of B lymphocytes in contrast to the true thymic parenchyma. Although the significance of germinal centers in the thymus parenchyma. Although the significance of germinal centers in the thymus in myasthenia gravis remains controversial, removal of nonneoplastic thymus in this condition is of proven therapeutic value. A variety of neoplasms originating in the thymus have previously been lumped together under the single term "thymoma." It is apparent, however, that thymoma, thymic carcinoid, various lymphomas, and germ cell tumors that arise in the thymus differ not only pathologically but also in their clinical behavior. Thymoma is regarded as an epithelial neoplasm and ultrastucturally is characterized by many desmosomes and tonofilaments. The lymphocytes do not behave in a malignant manner, and lymphomas of the thymus should be sharply separated from true thymoma. Poorly differentiated thymic carcinoma and histiocytic lymphoma may be distinguishable only by the electron microscopic demonstration of desmosomes and filaments in the thymic carcinoma. The evidence that Hodgkin's disease of the thymus ("granulomatous thymoma") is not a variant of thymoma appears overwhelming. Lymphoblastic lymphoma of the thymus is a distinctive neoplasm that is especially prevalent in teenage males. High levels of terminal transferase characterize the lymphoblasts and there is a striking tendency for leukemia to occur. Thymic carcinoid is usually nonfunctional, although one-third of the reported cases are associated with Cushing's syndrome. On light microscopy a ribbon pattern and punctate necroses are characteristic of thymic carcinoids. Electron microscopic demonstration of many dense core granules is invaluable in establishing this diagnosis. An important clue to the diagnosis of thymic seminoma (a neoplasm that shows the same radiosensitivity as its testicular counterpart) is the frequent presence of epithelioid and giant cell granulomas and germinal centers. Separation of the various thymic neoplasms described not only is justifiable on pathologic grounds but is often essential for appropriate patient investigation and treatment.
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PMID:Thymic hyperplasia and neoplasia: a review of current concepts. 36 41

An unusual case of granulocytic sarcoma presenting in a pericardial effusion following trauma and preceding acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) by 8 months is presented. Five additional cases of granulocytic sarcoma preceding leukemia collected by the author are also tabulated. Granulocytic sarcoma in a nonautopsy population of myelogenous leukemic patients was found to be 2.9%. When presenting in an extramedullary site, especially preceding peripheral blood and bone marrow manifestations of leukemia, a misdiagnosis of histiocytic lymphoma may result. In questionable cases, other techniques including the naphthol-ASD-chloroacetate stain, touch imprints, immunoperoxidase stain for lysozyme, and electron microscopy should be utilized. Although only a small series, the most recent cases have shown induction/remission and survival characteristics of AML patients without granulocytic sarcoma.
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PMID:Granulocytic sarcoma preceding acute leukemia: a report of six cases. 38 64

Twenty-three human haematopoietic cell lines, normal and mitogen stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes and tumour material from fresh leukaemias, myelomas and lymphomas were investigated with a panel of cytochemical reactions. Normal and mitogen stimulated lymphocytes, non-neoplastic lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL), lymphoma lines with B-lymphocyte characteristics, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and fresh lymphocytic lymphomas reacted weakly or negatively with all stains. T-lymphocyte acute leukaemia lines were PAS and alpha-naphtyl acetate esterase positive. Myeloma lines and fresh myelomas were strongly beta-glucoronidase positive. A histiocytic lymphoma cell line was strongly esterase positive with naphtol AS-D acetate esterase inhibited by NaF. The three fresh histiocytic lymphomas, however, reacted as the lymphocytic lymphomas suggesting a lymphoid origin. A myeloid leukaemia line was strongly positive for acid phsophatase. No major disagreement was noted between the reactivity of established neoplastic lines and the corresponding fresh biopsy cells indicating an unaltered qualitative expression of enzyme production after prolonged in vitro culture.
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PMID:Cytochemical profile of human haematopoietic biopsy cells and derived cell lines. 60 76

Twenty-six patients with hairy cell leukemia have been evaluated clinically at Stanford University Medical Center and the M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute since 1973. Only four patients had obvious leukemia and readily identifiable hairy cells in the peripheral blood. The remaining patients were pancytopenic, and hairy cells in peripheral blood were difficult to recognize. In 20 of the latter patients the marrow aspirates were unsuccessful or nondiagnostic. Bone-marrow biopsy was the primary method of diagnosis in 18 cases and proved the most reliable and pertinent diagnostic procedure in identifying this disorder. A well-defined water-clear rim of cytoplasm surrounding and separating the hairy cell nuclei was the main histologic feature, in contrast to the lack of visible cytoplasm and close appositon of lymphocytes in chronic lymphocytic leukemia or poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma. The uniformity and blandness of the nuclei distinguished hairy cells in tissue sections from the cells of histiocytic lymphoma and acute myeloid leukemia. Awareness of the importance of the histologic appearance of the bone-marrow biopsy in hairy cell leukemia is essential in establishing an accurate diagnosis.
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PMID:The value of the bone-marrow biopsy in the diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia. 72 72

Immunological factors are involved in all aspects of the lymphomas and leukaemias. The aetiology of these diseases is related at least in some cases to immunodeficiency, immunostimulation, autoimmunity and a dysregulation of the immune system. The majority of lymphomas and leukaemias are monoclonal proliferations of the B-lymphocyte series at different stages of maturation while some are derived from T lymphocytes and others have no recognisable B or T-cell markers. Each of the lymphoid malignancies has a characteristic and unique pattern of immunological deficiency, suggesting a unique aetiology. Hodgkin's disease and histiocytic lymphoma, the acute leukaemias and chronic myelogenous leukaemia have predominantly cell-mediated immune deficiencies, while lymphocytic lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, multiple myeloma, and the plasma cell dyscrasias have predominantly humoral immune deficiencies. There is a relationship between immunocompetence and prognosis and between immunocompetence and extent of disease in the lymphomas and leukaemias. Immunocompetent patients have a better prognosis and more limited disease than immunoincompetent patients. Therapy for these diseases profoundly suppresses host defence mechanisms, particularly those which are cell-mediated. Ability to resist or recover from this immunosuppression is also associated with an improved prognosis. Lymphoma and leukaemia also induce a tumour-specific immune response in the tumour-bearing host and this also correlates with prognosis. These factors form a rational basis for immunotherapy and indeed lymphomas and leukaemias respond to active nonspecific immunotherapy with BCG and active specific immunotherapy with tumor cells resulting in prolongation of remission duration and survival.
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PMID:Effect of haematological malignancies and their treatment on host defence factors. 78 32


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