Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0023418 (leukemia)
 93,477 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Granulocytic sarcoma (chloroma) is a mass of malignant myeloid precursor cells in an extramedullary location. The female genital tract, including the ovary, may be the first site for clinical manifestation of granulocytic sarcoma. The MR findings are reported in a case of ovarian granulocytic sarcoma which preceded acute myelogenous leukaemia. Granulocytic sarcoma shows a mixed cystic and solid adnexal mass with intermediate signal intensity on T1 weighted images and hypointensity on T2 weighted images.
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PMID:MR findings in ovarian granulocytic sarcoma. 1039 23

A 67 year old man with myelodysplasia was admitted as an emergency with a six week history of rectal bleeding and diarrhoea. Barium enema showed an irregular polypoid filling defect in the lateral wall of the proximal rectum near the rectosigmoid junction. Histology showed this to be a granulocytic sarcoma (extramedullary granulocytic leukaemia; chloroma) infiltrating the bowel. A low index of suspicion of this lesion results in an incorrect diagnosis in many such cases. A chloroacetate esterase immunoperoxidase stain will confirm the granulocytic nature of the tumour cells.
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PMID:Granulocytic sarcoma of the rectum: a rare complication of myelodysplasia. 1069 Jan 84

Six cases of granulocytic sarcoma are presented. A mediastinal chloroma and a tumor of the submandibular gland were observed with two patients as single sign of acute myeloic leukaemia. In one patient a chloroma appeared as first manifestation of acute myeloic leukaemia. Two patients exhibited the tumor as first symptom of a blastic crisis of chronic myelogenous leukaemia (femoral bone, lumbar spine). The sixth patient with a myelodyplastic syndrome showed a chloroma of the breast. Various radiological procedures were applied including plain radiography, MRT, CT and mammography. The results are compared with literature. Principles of therapy were supplemented.
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PMID:[Chloroma (granulocytic sarcoma, myeloblastoma). Clinical aspects and radiological diagnosis]. 1077 61

MIC2 is characteristically expressed in lymphoblastic lesions and Ewing's/primitive neuroectodermal tumor sarcomas. Although MIC2 has recently been reported in chloroma and rare terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-positive acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), the incidence and the significance of MIC2 (CD99) immunoreactivity in myeloid lesions is not clear. In this study, we evaluated MIC2 positivity in a variety of myeloid diseases and normal marrow to determine its incidence and distribution in myeloid diseases; its correlation with flow cytometric and cytogenetic data in AML; and its association with leukemic transformation, relapse, and chloroma formation. Paraffin sections of 11 chloromas and 94 bone marrow core biopsies from 66 patients were stained with CD99 monoclonal antibody 12E7. Of 94 bone marrow core biopsies, there were 30 AML (fragment antigen binding M0 to M6), 23 remissions, 5 relapses, 12 myeloproliferative disorders, 13 myelodysplastic syndromes, and 11 normal marrows from patients who did not have leukemia. CD99 immunoreactivity was evaluated with light microscopy. MIC2 expression was seen in leukemic blasts in 6 of 11 chloromas (55%) and 13 of 30 AML (43%) but rarely in myeloproliferative disorders, myelodysplastic syndromes, remission, and normal marrow. CD99 tended to be positive in M1-, M3-, and HLA-Dr-negative AML and negative in AML with relapse. MIC2 expression did not correlate with the karyotype independent of French-American-British Cooperative Group classification and the disease remission or occurrence of chloroma in AML. We concluded that MIC2 is commonly expressed in leukemic blasts of AML and is not predictive of leukemic transformation from myeloproliferative disorders and myelodysplastic syndromes or chloroma formation. Caution should be taken when using MIC2 as a marker for Ewing's sarcoma/ primitive neuroectodermal tumor or lymphoblastic lymphoma on paraffin sections of either soft tissue or bone marrow specimens.
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PMID:Immunoreactivity of MIC2 (CD99) in acute myelogenous leukemia and related diseases. 1078 14

Chloroma (leukemic infiltrate or granulocytic sarcoma) is a localized extramedullary mass of immature granulocytic cells. They are uncommon tumors that usually occur in patients with leukemia, mostly of the myeloid type. Involvement in the head and neck region is rare. Granulocytic sarcomas of the face, maxilla, paranasal sinuses, temporal bone, and pharynx have all been documented in the past. We present the first reported case of a granulocytic sarcoma involving the masseteric muscle in an 8-month-old white male diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The lesion resolved with chemotherapy but the patient subsequently died. This case reaffirms the importance of including chloroma in the differential diagnosis of lesions in patients with AML and the prognostic value they hold.
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PMID:Chloroma of the masseteric muscle. 1086 26

Malignant myeloid blast cells may occasionally form a solid mass in tissues outside the haemopoietic system. These tumours are known as chloromas or granulocytic sarcomas. Chloromas occur most commonly in the context of acute myelogenous leukaemia but, rarely, they occur in the absence of other haematological disease, and may be misdiagnosed as lymphoma. A case of a previously well 35-year-old woman presenting with rapidly progressive triplegia caused by a paraspinal and extradural cervical chloroma with no evidence of bone marrow or other haematological involvement is described. Few cases of spinal cord compression caused by chloroma in otherwise healthy patients have been reported. Morphological features of myeloid differentiation, histochemistry and immunohistochemistry, may all aid in rapid diagnosis and allow early and appropriate therapy.
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PMID:Spinal chloroma presenting with triplegia in an aleukaemic patient. 1152 46

Recent findings implied that the progression of hematologic malignancies, like that of solid tumors, is dependent on neovascularization. Recent studies on patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) showed increased levels of leukocyte-associated vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and neovascularization of the bone marrow. Murine (32D, M1) and human (HEL, U937, and UKE-1) leukemic cell lines and freshly isolated leukemic cells were analyzed for the expression of VEGF and VEGF receptor mRNA. The expression of VEGF and VEGF receptors KDR and neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) was detected in these cells. In a murine chloroma model, delivery of VEGF(165) using microencapsulation technology resulted in enhanced tumor growth and vascularization, whereas treatment with a VEGF antagonist soluble NRP-1 (sNRP-1) inhibited tumor angiogenesis and growth. In a systemic leukemia model, survival of mice injected with adenovirus (Ad) encoding for Fc-sNRP-1 (sNRP-1 dimer) was significantly prolonged as compared with mice injected with Ad-LacZ. Further analyses showed a reduction in circulating leukemic cells and infiltration of liver and spleen as well as bone marrow neovascularization and cellularity. Taken together, these results demonstrate that angiogenic factors such as VEGF promote AML progression in vivo. The use of VEGF antagonists as an antiangiogenesis approach offers a potential treatment for AML. Finally, our novel in vivo drug delivery model may be useful for testing the activities of other peptide antiangiogenic factors.
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PMID:In vivo administration of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its antagonist, soluble neuropilin-1, predicts a role of VEGF in the progression of acute myeloid leukemia in vivo. 1245 80

Granulocytic sarcoma (GS) is a rare manifestation of leukemia and has been reported in 3-5% of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) patients. GS in the uterine cervix is very rare and is also called chloroma because of its greenish appearance. We present the case of a patient whose disease relapsed as chloroma of the uterine cervix after bone marrow transplantation (BMT). She remained in continuous complete remission for 2 years after allogeneic BMT. However, she visited the hospital because of painless vaginal bleeding. She was diagnosed as having chloroma by cervical smear and colposcopically directed biopsy of the cervix. Systemic chemotherapy was administered on the presumption that myelogenous leukemia had recurred as chloroma, and a good clinical response was achieved. We describe the first case of AML that relapsed as chloroma of the uterine cervix after complete remission of the AML, which had complete response to only systemic chemotherapy.
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PMID:Granulocytic sarcoma of the uterine cervix. 1522 34

Chloroma, or granulocytic sarcoma, is a rare extramedullary solid hematologic cancer that affects many sites, usually in concert with acute myeloid leukemia. It is infrequently associated with other myeloproliferative disorders or chronic myelogenous leukemia. Chloroma of the testis after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation is particularly sparsely represented in the literature. It is often incorrectly diagnosed as malignant lymphoma, especially large-cell lymphoma, owing to the similarity of the histologic morphology, scanty eosinophilic myelocytes, and no or overlooked history of leukemia. Although erroneous diagnosis is decreasing with the advent of ancillary studies, the diagnosis of chloroma continues to be a nightmare for pathologists. It is thus suggested that an appropriate panel of marker studies be performed in conjunction with clinical correlation and circumspection to avoid reaching a misleading conclusion and improper treatment of patients. We report an interesting case of a 35-year-old male with a clinical history of chronic myelogenous leukemia post allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation and complete molecular remission, who was found to have chloroma of the left testis.
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PMID:Chloroma of the testis after allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation: a case report. 1555 11

Isolated chloromas (granulocytic sarcomas) are rare tumours. Chloromas are masses composed of immature granulocytic cells. Granulocytic sarcoma occurs primarily in patients with acute myelogenous leukaemia, but can also arise in patients with other myeloproliferative disorders. We present an adult case of chloroma in HIV patient, which occurred as sudden death. Skin examination of right thigh showed dyschromia. Longitudinal incision of muscle revealed a "dark green" infiltration. Pathology showed in muscle fragments a infiltrate of granulocytes. The histologic sections of the excised tumour confirmed the cytologic diagnosis of chloroma.
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PMID:Granulocytic sarcoma (chloroma) in HIV patient: a report. 1563 89


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