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Query: UMLS:C0023418 (leukemia)
 93,477 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This paper summarizes genetic and somatic data on persons exposed to low doses of atomic bomb radiation in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Compared with experimental estimates, the new dosimetry system proposed in 1986 underestimates neutron doses, supporting qualitatively the conclusion by the 1965 dosimetry system that Nagasaki A-bomb emitted predominantly gamma rays whereas Hiroshima A-bomb emitted both gamma rays and fast neutrons. A theory based on two recessive mutations in hemopoietic stem cells is proposed to explain radiation leukemogenesis. The theory can explain, at least partly, the actual dose-response curve for incidences of acute leukemia in Hiroshima but cannot explain chronic leukemia in Nagasaki. Existence of a large threshold dose in the latter's dose relationship supports the hypothesis that A-bomb radiation at high doses above a threshold value was a promoter and/or progressor of leukemia. Various lines of evidence that support this hypothesis are presented. Hence, it is not warranted to assume that risk of death from cancer at a high dose, say, 1 Gy can be divided by 100 to obtain the risk at 1 cGy. Risk at low doses should be assessed by direct scrutiny of actual data at low doses in spite of their large statistical uncertainty. Actual data show that A-bomb survivors at 1-9 cGy had apparently lower incidences of tumors than unexposed persons.
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PMID:Rational risk estimation in relation to atomic bomb radiation. 221 89

Volume selective magnetic resonance (MR) proton spectroscopy was used to investigate the haemopoietic (iliac bone) and fatty bone marrow (tibia) in patients with leukemia and polycythaemia vera. Selective measurements of the relaxation times T1 and T2 for the "water" and "fat" resonances in the bone marrow spectra were performed. Nine patients with acute leukemia and three patients with chronic leukemia were examined at diagnosis. Three patients with acute leukemia in remission were also examined. Five of the leukemic patients had follow-up examinations performed in relation to chemotherapeutic treatment. Nine patients with polycythaemia vera and 21 normal control subjects were examined with identical methods for comparison. All patients had bone marrow biopsies performed prior to every MR examination. Significant differences could be detected in the spectral patterns from iliac bone marrow in patients with leukemia at diagnosis compared to the healthy normal controls. The "relative water content" was increased in the iliac bone marrow spectra of the leukemic patients compared to the normal subjects, which indicates an increase in the amount of haemopoietic tissue and a corresponding decrease in marrow fat content. The T1 relaxation times of the "water" resonance in the spectra from the iliac bone marrow of the leukemic patients were significantly prolonged at diagnosis, compared to the normal controls and the patients with polycythaemia vera. After chemotherapeutic induction of remission, the spectra from the iliac bone marrow in the patients with leukemia resembled normal spectra. Four leukemic patients had abnormal spectra from the tibial bone marrow and one patient showed early changes in tibial marrow during chemotherapeutic treatment, before any major changes could be detected in the iliac bone marrow.
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PMID:Localized in vivo proton spectroscopy of the bone marrow in patients with leukemia. 226 5

A patient with nonfamilial peripheral neurofibromatosis (NF) (von Recklinghausen's disease) is reported who contracted acute monocytic leukemia at 60 years of age. In the course of the illness, myelonecrosis developed and the patient died 4 months later due to a therapy-resistant bone marrow relapse. This association of the two illnesses would appear to confirm reports on an increased incidence of nonlymphatic leukemia and NF. Such an association is seen during childhood as juvenile chronic leukemia, but it is uncommon in adulthood.
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PMID:Neurofibromatosis and acute monocytic leukemia in adults. 250 24

Twenty-three patients (13 females, 10 males) with panmyelopathy (N = 9), chronic leukemia (N = 5), and acute leukemias (N = 9) were studied 1 to 6 years following allogenic bone marrow transplantation. All patients had received conditioning treatment with cyclophosphamide prior to aBMT, and 2 of the patients with bone marrow aplasia and all of the leukemia patients had been given radiotherapy. An endocrine assessment was performed by means of TRH, GnRH, oCRF and GHRH tests and estimation of thyroid and gonadal hormones. Whereas pituitary-adrenal function appeared to remain stable, there was a 17.4% incidence of subclinical hypothyroidism (25% of the irradiated patients). Growth hormone reserve was diminished, and ovarian failure occurred in all female patients after radiotherapy, whereas in the men, only a moderate elevation of gonadotropins was observed. Our results warrant observation of thyroid and gonadal function, and in children of growth hormone secretion, after allogenic bone marrow transplantation. They also show that replacement therapy may be needed in some patients.
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PMID:Allogenic bone marrow transplantation in adults: endocrine sequelae after 1-6 years. 253 5

Both S-100 antigen and calmodulin were shown in normal lymphocytes with S-100 being decreased in lymphocytic leukemia cells. Although small amounts of S-100 antigen and calmodulin were shown in acute myeloblastic leukemia cells, they could not be detected in normal granulocytes. In lymphoblastic leukemia, S-100 antigen levels in T-cell leukemia cells were higher than in B-cell leukemia cells, while calmodulin was decreased in chronic leukemia cells. In mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes, the levels of S-100 antigen were decreased, while those of calmodulin were either increased or unchanged. Calcium-dependent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase was highest in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. These data suggest, therefore, that calcium ions may play a role in the proliferation, differentiation or leukemic change in lymphocytes and, hence, that measurement of calcium binding proteins may be useful in the investigation of leukemia cells or lymphocytes.
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PMID:S-100 antigen and calmodulin in human leukemic cells. 253 71

Patients with acute (2,569) and chronic (957) leukemia diagnosed at 19 institutes took part in the study on the "Multidisciplinary Treatment of Leukemia" between 1971 and 1985 and were investigated retrospectively. By dividing the 15 years into three five-year periods, we were able to compare patient ratios in the different periods. The proportions of acute to chronic leukemia cases showed no obvious change; however, the proportions of cases diagnosed as acute lymphocytic leukemia in acute leukemia showed a significant increase. The main chemotherapeutic drugs used during the three time periods were cytarabine or its analogues, the anthracyclines, 6-mercaputopurine and prednisolone, against acute myelogenous leukemia, and the vinca alkaloids, prednisolone and the anthracyclines against acute lymphocytic leukemia. The rate of complete remission from acute myelogenous leukemia made marked progress, from 45.1% during 1971-1975 to 62.3% during 1981-1985, but that of acute lymphocytic leukemia showed no significant progress, being 65% during 1971-1975 and 69.7% during 1981-1985. The durations of remission, however, and the survival times for patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia, as well as for those with acute myelogenous leukemia, became significantly longer over the three periods. Median survival times from chronic myelocytic leukemia were 37-40 mo in all three periods, showing no progress. There was a better prognosis in cases of chronic myelocytic leukemia with, than without, Philadelphia chromosome. Except for a low incidence of chronic lymphocytic leukemia in Japan, adult leukemia patients' characteristics and prognoses seem to be almost the same in Japan as in the U.S.A. and Europe.
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PMID:Recent trends in the treatment and prognosis of adult leukemia with characteristics of patients in Japan: transition during the fifteen years from 1971 to 1985. 260 37

This paper presents an analysis of data collected from 242 cases of acute and chronic leukemia observed during a 10-year period. The incidence of childhood leukemia was 26.45%. In the present series, it was 35.95% for ALL, 21.9% AML, 38.4% CML and 2.89% CLL. The incidences of ALL and CML were found comparable to other series from Bombay. The geographical variations in the pattern of leukemias as observed in India are discussed.
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PMID:Pattern of leukemias: a ten-year incidence study of 242 cases. 264 17

Point mutations within codon 12 of the Harvey (H-) ras proto-oncogene have recently been implicated in the progression of hemopoietic malignancy, particularly chronic myeloid leukemia. We have analyzed DNA from 170 cases of acute and chronic leukemia by using a restriction fragment length polymorphism. No evidence for clonal allelic H-ras codon 12 activation was found among these cases, which included 23 cases of chronic myeloid leukemia, 12 of which were in accelerated phase or blastic transformation. These data suggest that H-ras codon 12 mutations occur infrequently in hemopoietic neoplasms generally and may be less important in disease progression than has been previously suggested.
Leukemia 1989 Jan
PMID:Activation of Harvey ras oncogene by mutation at codon 12 is very rare in hemopoietic malignancies. 264 80

Criteria for the evaluation of chemotherapy for acute leukemia, chronic leukemia, Myelodysplastic syndrome and polycythemia vera were discussed. In leukemia patients the changes in the number of leukemic and normal cells are easily quantitatively evaluated. The criteria depends on the reduction and recovery of leukemic cells and normal cells. In acute leukemia because considerable parts of complete remissions ended with relapse, the evaluation seems necessarily to differentiate good remission from standard remission. For such purpose 5,000 leukocyte differential seemed effective. In the phase II study of anti-leukemia drugs, however, it seemed necessary to find efficacy less than remission, to avoid underestimation of drug efficacy because pretreated patients are usually studied in the phase II study. In the evaluation of chronic myelogenous leukemia, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia or polycythemia vera, short term judgment needs to be further studied about the correlation with longterm efficacy such as survival. The treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome is very hard to evaluate, reduction of blasts and increase of normal cells may be necessary for the improvement of symptoms. The relation of the efficacy and survival seemed necessary to be studied.
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PMID:[Evaluation of chemotherapy of hematological malignancies]. 264 5

Superoxide dismutase "SOD" enzyme levels in leucocytes of patients with acute and chronic leukemia, were measured by using Misra and Fridovich's epinephrine method. In all types of leukemia, the SOD levels were found to be significantly higher than normals. However, these levels decreased to normal in remission. No relationship was found between the SOD level and types of leukemia. The absence of relationship between the increase in SOD level and various clinical parameters suggests that this increase is the result of a disturbed gene expression in the stem cells. Hence it is of interest to ascertain the effect of the chemotherapy leading to the normalization of the SOD levels.
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PMID:Leucocyte superoxide dismutase levels in acute and chronic leukemias. 277 Mar 30


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