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Query: UMLS:C0023418 (leukemia)
 93,477 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Mortality and morbidity from cancer among a cohort of 13,570 white male rubber workers were examined. Each man worked for at least 5 years at the Akron, Ohio, plant of the B. F. Goodrich Company. The potential period of follow-up was from January 1, 1940 to June 30, 1976. Departmental work histories were based primarily on records maintained by Local no. 5, United Rubber Workers. The occurrence of cancer was measured by death certificates and by a survey of Akron-area hospital tumor registries from 1964 to 1974. Two types of analyses were made: 1) an external comparison of mortality rates of rubber workers versus rates of U.S. white males, and 2) an internal comparison of cancer morbidity rates among persons who were employed in various work areas of the plant. Excess cases of specific cancers (observed/expected numbers) among workers in specific work areas included: stomach and intestine: rubber making (30/14.4); lung: tire curing (31/14.1), fuel cells and/or deicers (46/29.1); bladder: chemical plant (6/2.4), and tire building (16/10.7); skin cancer: tire assembly (12/1.9); brain cancer: tire assembly (8/2.0); lymphatic cancer: tire building (8/3.2); and leukemia: calendering (8/2.2), tire curing (8/2.6), tire building (12/7.5), elevators (4/1.4), tubes (4/1.6), and rubber fabrics (4/1.1). Agents that may be responsible for these excesses were considered.
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PMID:Cancer mortality and morbidity among rubber workers. 27 10

Three statistical approaches, used to detect spatial clusters of disease associated with a point source exposure, are applied to childhood cancer data for the city of San Francisco (1973-88). The distributions of incident cases of leukemia (51 cases), brain cancer (35 cases), and lymphatic cancer (37 cases) among individuals less than 21 years of age are described using three measures of clustering: distance on a geopolitical map, distance on a density equalized transformed map, and relative risk. The point source of exposure investigated is a large microwave tower located southwest of the center of the city (Sutro Tower). The three analytic approaches indicate that the patterns of the major childhood cancers are essentially random with respect to the point source. These results and a statistical model for spatial clustering are used to explore distance and risk measures in the analysis of spatial data. Both types of measures of spatial clustering are shown to perform similarly when a specific area of exposure can be defined.
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PMID:Distance and risk measures for the analysis of spatial data: a study of childhood cancers. 160 71

Mortality was updated another 11 years through 1986 for a previously studied cohort of 2904 male chemical workers who were potentially exposed to styrene and related materials for a year or more between 1937 and 1971. Substantial deficits in mortality from all causes and total cancer were observed in the cohort when it was compared with white males in the United States, and also other chemical workers who were unexposed to styrene-based products. Mortality from leukemia was slightly less than expected during the updated period, in contrast to an excess of lymphatic leukemia observed in the original period. Yet small elevations in risk of other types of lymphatic cancer, particularly multiple myeloma, persisted. The risk of these cancers did not increase with estimated intensity or duration of styrene exposure. The findings are discussed in context with those of studies of similarly exposed workers in related industries.
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PMID:Mortality among workers engaged in the development or manufacture of styrene-based products--an update. 161 88

This is a study of a dynamic cohort of 13 250 commercial research and development personnel for whom information on occupational and educational background and smoking was available. Their age-, sex-, race-, and period-adjusted death rates were compared with New Jersey rates and with an internal comparison population. The overall results were favorable. The study groups had significantly fewer deaths from most major disease categories compared with other New Jersey residents. Among white male scientists and engineers, age-adjusted overall mortality and ischemic heart disease mortality were comparable to white male managers and support staff studied, whereas mortality from leukemia and lymphatic cancer was significantly elevated. Mechanics, however, had a significantly lower leukemia and lymphatic cancer mortality rate than did the comparison group. In a Poisson regression model in which white males and females from the study population were used, and for which the effects of age, smoking, college education category, period of hire, and years employed were controlled, scientists, engineers, and research technicians had elevated (nonsignificantly) mortality rates for leukemia and lymphatic cancer compared with managers and support staff. Smoking was an independent risk factor for leukemia and lymphatic cancer. Further work is needed to assess if specific environmental factors, such as benzene, other aromatics, radiation, medical treatment, and smoking habits, might have contributed to the above findings.
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PMID:Mortality among petrochemical science and engineering employees. 206 33

The Texaco mortality study is a retrospective follow-up study of all persons who were employed for at least five years in a refining, petrochemical, or research facility and who worked at some time during the period 1947 through 1977. Of the 19,077 white men in the cohort, 14,609 were alive, 4,024 were known to be dead, and the vital status of the remaining 444 was unknown as of Dec. 31, 1977. The standardized mortality ratio (SMR) of 75 for all causes was significantly low, on the basis of 5,332 expected deaths. Statistically significant deficits also were seen for all major causes of death and for cancer of many sites, including lung, stomach, bladder, and colon. The SMR was greater than 100 for six causes of death: pancreas cancer, brain cancer, leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, other lymphatic cancer, and benign neoplasms. However, none of these increases was statistically significant, and all SMRs except that for benign neoplasms (SMR = 148) were under 119.
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PMID:Texaco mortality study. I. Mortality among refinery, petrochemical, and research workers. 402 May 3

This report updates the risk assessment by Crump and Allen (1984) for benzene-induced leukemia that was used by OSHA (1987) to support its reduction of the permissible exposure limit (PEL) to 1 ppm and that also was the basis for EPA's (1985) interim "unit risk" for benzene. The present study derives new risk estimates using data from follow-up through 1987 (whereas the earlier assessment only had follow-up available through 1978), and using new exposure estimates for this cohort developed by Paustenbach et al. (1992) that account for a number of factors that were unknown or not fully evaluated in earlier exposure assessments. There was a significant excess of acute myelocytic or acute monocytic leukemia (AMML, the only forms of acute nonlymphatic leukemia observed) in this cohort, and this end point also exhibited a strong dose-response trend. AMML was the only hematopoietic or lymphatic cancer that was clearly linked to benzene exposure. However, quantitative estimates of risk based on modeling either AMML or all leukemia differed by only 20%. Differences between the two Pliofilm plant locations in the occurrence of AMML were not statistically significant (.12 < or = p < or = .21) after differences in levels of benzene exposure were taken into account. The Paustenbach et al. exposures predicted a quadratic dose response, based on a measure of exposure that weighted intensity of exposure more heavily than duration of exposure. The best-fitting quadratic models predicted an additional lifetime risk of a benzene-related death from 45 yr of exposure to 1 ppm of between 0.020 and 0.036 per thousand. Statistical confidence intervals (90%) on these estimates were barely wide enough to include risk estimates based on linear dose response models. These linear models predicted risks of between 1.6 and 3.1 per thousand.
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PMID:Risk of benzene-induced leukemia: a sensitivity analysis of the pliofilm cohort with additional follow-up and new exposure estimates. 820 57

An analysis was conducted of 27,982 deaths among 106,020 persons employed at four Federal nuclear plants in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, between 1943 and 1985. The main objectives were to extend the evaluation of the health effects of employment in the nuclear industry in Oak Ridge to include most workers who were omitted from earlier studies, to compare the mortality experience of workers among the facilities, to address methodological problems that occur when individuals employed at more than one facility are included in the analysis, and to conduct dose-response analyses for those individuals with potential exposure to external radiation. All-cause mortality and all-cancer mortality were in close agreement with national rates. The only notable excesses occurred for white males for lung cancer [standardized mortality ratio (SMR) = 1.18, 1,849 deaths] and non-malignant respiratory disease (SMR = 1.12, 1,568 deaths). A more detailed analysis revealed substantial differences in death rates among workers at the Oak Ridge plants. Evaluation of internally adjusted log SMRs using Poisson regression showed that workers employed only at Tennessee Eastman Corporation or K-25 and at multiple facilities had higher death rates than similar workers employed only at X-10 or Y-12, and that the differences were primarily due to non-cancer causes. Analysis of selected cancer causes for white males indicated large differences among the workers at the different facilities for lung cancer, leukemia and other lymphatic cancer. Dose-response analyses for external penetrating radiation were limited to a subcohort of 28,347 white males employed at X-10 or Y-12. Their collective recorded dose equivalent was 376 Sv. There was a strong "healthy worker effect" in this subcohort-all-cause SMR = 0.80 (4,786 deaths) and all-cancer SMR = 0.87 (1,134 deaths). Variables included in the analyses were age, birth cohort, a measure of socioeconomic status, length of employment, internal radiation exposure potential and facility. For external radiation dose with a 10-year lag, the excess relative risk was 0.31 per Sv (95% CI = -0.16, 1.01) for all causes and 1.45 per Sv (95% CI = 0.15, 3.48) for all cancer. The estimated excess relative risk for leukemia was negative but imprecisely determined. A preliminary dose adjustment procedure was developed to compensate for missing dose but not other dosimetry errors. Results of the analyses using the adjusted doses suggest that the effect of missing dose is an upward bias in dose-response coefficients and test statistics.
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PMID:A mortality study of employees of the nuclear industry in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. 921 20

Our study examined cancer mortality before the age of 65 for women employed in the fastest growing and/or traditionally female occupations. Analysis of mortality data from 28 U.S. states for 1984-1995 revealed elevated proportionate cancer mortality ratios (PCMRs). The highest PCMRs observed were thyroid cancer among health aides, lymphatic and multiple myeloma among computer programmers, and brain cancer among actresses and directresses. Some of the excess mortality occurred for occupations that have been previously cited. These included elevated breast and ovarian cancer among teachers, Hodgkin's disease among hairdressers and cosmetologists, and thyroid cancer among health aides and therapists. A few of the associations were new, i.e., had not been previously observed. These included cancer of the connective tissue and lymphatic system among computer programmers, ovarian cancer and leukemia among secretaries, and lymphatic cancer and multiple myeloma among child care workers. These findings should be further investigated with epidemiologic and environmental studies.
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PMID:Cancer mortality among women employed in fast-growing U.S. occupations. 1036 5

Several studies have evaluated cancer risk associated with occupational and environmental exposure to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). Results are mixed. To further inquire into human carcinogenicity of DDT, we conducted a mortality follow-up study of 4,552 male workers, exposed to DDT during antimalarial operations in Sardinia, Italy, conducted in 1946 to 1950. Detailed information on DDT use during the operations provided the opportunity to develop individual estimates of average and cumulative exposure. Mortality of the cohort was first compared with that of the Sardinian population. Overall mortality in the cohort was about as expected, but there was a deficit for death from cardiovascular disease and a slight excess for nonmalignant respiratory diseases and lymphatic cancer among the unexposed subcohort. For internal comparisons, we used Poisson regression analysis to calculate relative risks of selected malignant and nonmalignant diseases with the unexposed subcohort as the reference. Cancer mortality was decreased among DDT-exposed workers, mainly due to a reduction in lung cancer deaths. Birth outside from the study area was a strong predictor of mortality from leukemia. Mortality from stomach cancer increased up to 2-fold in the highest quartile of cumulative exposure (relative risk, 2.0; 95% confidence interval, 0.9-4.4), but no exposure-response trend was observed. Risks of liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, and leukemia were not elevated among DDT-exposed workers. No effect of latency on risk estimates was observed over the 45 years of follow-up and within selected time windows. Adjusting risks by possible exposure to chlordane in the second part of the antimalarial operations did not change the results. In conclusion, we found little evidence for a link between occupational exposure to DDT and mortality from any of the cancers previously suggested to be associated.
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PMID:Cancer mortality among men occupationally exposed to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane. 1623 Apr 25