Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0023418 (leukemia)
 93,477 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A proportion of cancers in endocrine target tissues can show the presence of specific receptors for either steroid or polypetide hormones. Manipulation of the controlling hormones does not guarantee regression. A third of cancers in endocrine target organs (breast, uterine endometrium, and prostate) show a 50% reduction in size of lesions after hormonal therapy. If regression resulting from an aggressive form of therapy lasts a short while and the tumor reactivates by the time the unpleasant effects of the therapy wear off, the treatment is not palliative. Endocrine therapy in prostatic cancer is palliative but there is no evidence that is increases survival. 11 different progestational agents in endometrial cancer therapy in the past 25 years resulted in a 30-35% response. Response must be maintained by continual treatment and may last from 12 months to 7-8 years. In breast cancer, tumors with a significant level of estrogen receptor (ER+) have about a 60% chance of regression vs. tumors without estrogen receptors (ER-), 10%. Advanced cancers of the thyroid of the papillary or follicular type regress when the patient is treated by thyroxine, .3 mg daily. Leukemia and lymphoma are frequently treated, with varying degrees of success with corticosteroid therapy, which may also predispose the patient to intercurrent infection. Renal cancer has been often treated by medroxyprogesterone acetate or testosterone propionate, with little success.
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PMID:Endocrine therapy in cancer. 8 86

Of 13 cancers that tend to occur at lower rates in aboriginal Americans or in the native lands of Japanese, Chinese, and Spanish-speaking persons than in United States whites, rates for all but one (laryngeal) have increased in migrants to the United States. In addition to leukemia, these 13 cancers include neoplasms that have been related, at least in part, to a diet high in animal fats or proteins (colon and rectum cancer); reproductive and endocrinologic factors and a diet high in animal fats or protein (prostate, ovary, corpus uteri, breast, and testis cancer); chemical carcinogens (lung, larynx, bladder, and pancreas cancer); and a common infectious agent that, like polio viruses, causes clinically overt disease with a frequency directly related to age of patient at initial infection (Hodgkin's disease). Of 9 cancers that occur at higher rates in aboriginal Americans or in one or more of the native lands of migrants than in United States whites, the rates of 5 tend to decrease in migrants. These include cancers that may be related to food preservation (stomach cancer); products of microorganisms that may contaminate foods (esophagus and liver cancer); and infectious agents (nasopharynx, cervix uteri, and liver cancer). In addition, rates of cancer of the thyroid are high in aboriginal Americans; those of the gallbladder are high in individuals of native American ancestry and in Japanese; incidence of salivary gland tumors is high in Alaskan natives and Colombians; and rates of kidney cancer are high in Alaskan natives. Five types of epidemiologic studies are described that should be conducted in the migrants and in their countries of origin and adoption to elucidate further the etiology of various neoplasms.
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PMID:Epidemiologic studies of cancer in minority groups in the western United States. 53 17

A panel of 60 human tumor cell lines is currently being used in the U.S. National Cancer Institute's in vitro anticancer drug screen. The panel is organized into 7 subpanels; 6 leukemia/lymphoma lines comprise one subpanel, and 54 other lines are organized into subpanels representing solid tumors of the central nervous system (CNS), colon, lung, ovaries, kidneys and melanomas. In the present study, the leukemia and lymphoma cell lines were analyzed by flow cytometry for appropriate CD antigens; all but 1 line showed patterns of expression consistent with their reported derivations. The solid tumor lines were characterized individually using morphological and immunocytochemical techniques to determine their relative degrees of representativity for the subpanels within which they are currently grouped. Histological, histochemical and ultrastructural examinations were performed on cell lines grown under identical conventional culture conditions and as xenografts in nude mice. Immunocytochemistry using panels of antibodies raised against 6 types of intermediate filaments, 7 adenocarcinoma-associated antigens, 7 melanoma/neuro-ectodermal-associated antigens, 3 neuroendocrine-associated antigens, 9 urinary tract associated antigens, and 4 markers of muscle differentiation was done on cells grown in monolayer culture. Central nervous system (CNS) cell lines lacked expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein, but all had other features consistent with derivation from glioblastoma. Lines derived from adenocarcinomas of the colon, lung and ovary, for the most part, expressed adenocarcinoma-associated antigens and showed histological and/or ultrastructural evidence of gland formation and other adenomatous features. Most of these lines were poorly differentiated. Lines derived from large-cell and squamous-cell cancers also showed some characteristics consistent with their reported origins, except for one line which showed immunocytochemical and morphologic characteristics consistent with rhabdomyosarcoma. The 2 lines derived from small cell lung cancer (SCLC) lacked neurosecretory granules and 3 other SCLC markers but showed morphologic features consistent with SCLC. Most melanoma cell lines strongly expressed melanoma-associated antigens and were morphologically similar to human melanoma. Five lines produced premelanosomes, melanosomes or melanin. Most of the renal cancer cell lines showed morphologic or immunocytochemical features consistent with renal clear cell carcinoma. Collectively, these morphological and immunocytochemical analyses provide information concerning tissue of origin, tumor type, degree of differentiation and other biologic features essential to the use of these lines in a disease-oriented in vitro antitumor drug screen and to the interpretation of data derived therefrom.
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PMID:Morphological and immunocytochemical characteristics of human tumor cell lines for use in a disease-oriented anticancer drug screen. 150 99

Based on our recent kinetic analysis, which made it possible to distinguish between the cell-killing actions of cell cycle phase-specific and non-specific agents, we attempted to elucidate the actions of 5-fluorouracil (FUra) on three different cancer cell lines. By colony-forming assay, the concentrations of fluorouridine (FUrd), fluorodeoxyuridine (FdUrd) or FUra giving 90% cell kill (IC90) at various exposure times (texps) were obtained. With P388 cells, the curve of texps-IC90 for FUrd on a log-log scale was linear with a slope of -1, which is typical for cell cycle phase-nonspecific agents. In contrast, the curve for FdUrd showed a much steeper slope than -1, which is characteristic for cell cycle phase-specific agents. We found that the curve for FUra was exactly the same as that for FUrd, indicating that the mode of FUra action on P388 leukemia is analogous to that of FUrd. Similar results were observed with human colon and renal cancer cell lines, HT-29 and KU-2, although when the cells were exposed to relatively low concentrations of FUra for a long time, a cell cycle phase-specific action became evident.
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PMID:Kinetic analysis of 5-fluorouracil action against various cancer cells. 214 39

Cancer mortality in relation to radiation dose was evaluated among 4153 women treated with intrauterine radium (226Ra) capsules for benign gynecologic bleeding disorders between 1925 and 1965. Average follow up was 26.5 years (maximum = 59.9 years). Overall, 2763 deaths were observed versus 2687 expected based on U.S. mortality rates [standardized mortality ratio (SMR) = 1.03]. Deaths due to cancer, however, were increased (SMR = 1.30), especially cancers of organs close to the radiation source. For organs receiving greater than 5 Gy, excess mortality of 100 to 110% was noted for cancers of the uterus and bladder 10 or more years following irradiation, while a deficit was seen for cancer of the cervix, one of the few malignancies not previously shown to be caused by ionizing radiation. Part of the excess of uterine cancer, however, may have been due to the underlying gynecologic disorders being treated. Among cancers of organs receiving average or local doses of 1 to 4 Gy, excesses of 30 to 100% were found for leukemia and cancers of the colon and genital organs other than uterus; no excess was seen for rectal or bone cancer. Among organs typically receiving 0.1 to 0.3 Gy, a deficit was recorded for cancers of the liver, gall bladder, and bile ducts combined, death due to stomach cancer occurred at close to the expected rate, a 30% excess was noted for kidney cancer (based on eight deaths), and there was a 60% excess of pancreatic cancer among 10-year survivors, but little evidence of dose-response. Estimates of the excess relative risk per Gray were 0.006 for uterus, 0.4 for other genital organs, 0.5 for colon, 0.2 for bladder, and 1.9 for leukemia. Contrary to findings for other populations treated by pelvic irradiation, a deficit of breast cancer was not observed (SMR = 1.0). Dose to the ovaries (median, 2.3 Gy) may have been insufficient to protect against breast cancer. For organs receiving greater than 1 Gy, cancer mortality remained elevated for more than 30 years, supporting the notion that radiation damage persists for many years after exposure.
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PMID:Cancer mortality following radium treatment for uterine bleeding. 221 30

The monoclonal antibody DAL K29 against a human renal cell carcinoma associated cell surface antigen was covalently linked to the antifolate methotrexate with full retention of antibody reactivity and partial retention of drug activity. In a colony inhibition assay, antibody-conjugated methotrexate was 400% more potent in inhibiting the growth of the human kidney cancer line Caki-1 than equimolar amounts of the free drug. Comparable amounts of the antifolate linked to normal mouse IgG did not inhibit the growth of Caki-1 cells. Furthermore, the methotrexate-DAL K29 conjugate had no effect on the two nontarget human cell lines tested, melanoma M21 and B cell leukemia D10-1 cells, even when the conjugate contained amounts of methotrexate equivalent to the 50% inhibitory concentration of the free drug for the nontarget cell lines or an amount equivalent to the 50% inhibitory concentration of the conjugated drug for Caki-1 cells.
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PMID:Inhibition of human renal cancer by methotrexate linked to a monoclonal antibody. 264 30

In a population-based case-control study carried out in the Baltimore, Maryland metropolitan area, family cancer history for 342 chronic lymphocytic leukemia cases diagnosed in 1969-1982 revealed significantly higher risks of leukemia as well as other hematolymphoproliferative neoplasms and breast cancer among their first-degree relatives compared with reported occurrence of these neoplasms in first-degree relatives of 342 matched cancer controls and 342 matched controls without cancer. Siblings of case subjects also had a significant elevation of kidney cancer compared with siblings of controls. Only one of the affected case families (and no control family) included more than one additional member with leukemia. The results suggest a genetic component for leukemia occurrence in several case families, although the majority of cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia appeared to be sporadic. The similarity of findings between the two comparisons (cases vs. cancer controls and cases vs. controls without cancer) diminishes the likelihood of recall bias as an explanation for the observed excess risks.
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PMID:Familial cancer history and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. A case-control study. 277 14

A critical review of close to 100 published and unpublished but otherwise available epidemiologic reports of petroleum industry employees from the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Europe, Australia, and Japan was conducted. Analyses by duration of employment and latency are discussed, and summary standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) or meta-SMRs are developed for selected cancer sites. Findings indicate that the industry experienced a significantly lower cancer mortality than the general population for all cancer sites combined, digestive system, stomach, and lung. For the industry as a whole, SMRs similar to the general population were observed for skin, brain, pancreatic, prostatic, and kidney cancers. However, some data indicate that certain small groups within the industry might have elevated prostatic and kidney cancer risk. This review supports the conclusion that some refinery employees, particularly those employed before the 1940s, may have been at increased risk of leukemia. There is some indication that cancer of other lymphatic tissue may also be elevated. Unresolved issues affecting these conclusions are discussed, and specific directions for future research are offered.
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PMID:Critical review of cancer epidemiology in petroleum industry employees, with a quantitative meta-analysis by cancer site. 230 16

A large excess of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma has been documented in renal transplant patients and may be related to immunosuppressive therapy, persistent antigenic challenge from the graft, or both. To determine whether immuno-suppression resulting from chronic renal failure is associated with an elevated risk of certain tumors such as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, the authors studied cancer incidence in a national cohort of 28,049 patients in the United States with chronic renal failure who received maintenance dialysis for at least six months (totaling 66,706 person-years of observation). Compared with national incidence rates, the relative risk (RR) of cancer was 0.9 (excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer, multiple myeloma, kidney cancer, and uterine cervix cancer). Moderate excesses of leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, thyroid cancer, and biliary tract cancer were found, but were not statistically significant for both sexes combined. A significantly elevated risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among patients with chronic glomerulonephritis (RR = 2.6) accounted for the excess observed in the total series, raising the possibility of factors specific to this disease.
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PMID:Cancer in patients receiving long-term dialysis treatment. 311 33

The incidence of childhood cancer in twins, in children with congenital malformations diagnosed at birth, and in children of low birth weight was investigated and compared with that in the total population of Norway born live from 1967-1979. Only the malformation group had a significantly increased rate of total cancer (28.3/100,000 person-years) compared with the population (14.6/100,000). The excess cancer appeared to be limited to children with Down's syndrome or a central nervous system defect, who most frequently developed leukemia or central nervous system tumors, respectively. The rates of total cancer in children of low birth weight (9.3/100,000) and in twins (13.0/100,000) were close to expected. However, twins had a significantly increased rate of renal cancer (rate ratio = 4.1). The documented associations between cancers and congenital malformations are suggestive of some common etiologic factors which warrant further studies for their identification and for elucidating possible means of prevention.
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PMID:A population-based study of cancer incidence in twins and in children with congenital malformations or low birth weight, Norway, 1967-1980. 315 84


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