Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0023418 (leukemia)
 93,477 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The incidence of childhood cancer in twins was evaluated by linking a roster of 30,925 twins born in Connecticut (United States) between 1930 and 1969 with the Connecticut Tumor Registry. Cancer, exclusive of nonmelanoma skin cancer, was identified in 19 females and 12 males under 15 years of age. The incidence rate among twins was 7.9 cancers per 100,000 person-years (PY) overall, and 9.7 and 6.1 per 100,000 PYs for females and males, respectively. Four of 13 leukemias occurred in two female twin pairs, representing concordance rates of 18 percent overall and 29 percent for like-sex pairs, which are somewhat higher than values reported previously. The number of cancers expected was computed on the assumption that twins experienced the same sex-, age-, and calendar time-specific cancer rates as recorded for all Connecticut-born children. Because active follow-up of individuals was not conducted, an adjustment to person-years of observation was made to account for childhood mortality, including the high perinatal mortality characteristic of twins. Childhood cancer was 30 percent less frequent than expected (standardized incidence ratio [SIR] = 0.7; 95 percent confidence interval [CI] = 0.5-0.9), a deficit that is marginally greater than those found in previous studies. Both leukemia (SIR = 0.8; CI = 0.4-1.4), and all other cancers combined (SIR = 0.6; CI = 0.3-0.9) occurred less often than expected. The deficit was greater among males (SIR = 0.5; CI = 0.2-0.8) than among females (SIR = 0.9; CI = 0.5-1.4) and was especially pronounced among males younger than five years (SIR = 0.2; CI = 0.0-0.7). The data support the view that twins, particularly male twins, have a lower risk of childhood cancer than single-born children. Any added risk for twins associated with their greater frequency of exposure to prenatal X-rays appears to have been insufficient to offset an 'effect' of twinning per se. Possible explanations for this finding include (i) the low birthweight distribution of twins, or (ii) selective early mortality of twin fetuses or neonates who would otherwise have developed a clinical cancer.
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PMID:Incidence of childhood cancer in twins. 193 44

A statistical survey of malignant skin tumors has been carried out involving the outpatients seen at the Dermatological Clinic of Shimane Medical University Hospital during the period between October, 1979 and October, 1984. Out of 9,702 patients seen, 51 were found to have a malignant skin tumor or, statistically, 0.53% of all patients. The number and type of the malignant skin tumor were as follows: squamous cell carcinoma, 16; basal cell epithelioma, 7; Bowen's disease, 6; Paget's disease, 1; a metastatic carcinoma of the skin, 4; a malignant melanoma, 5; a malignant lymphoma, 10; leukemia, 1 and a multicentric reticulohistiocytoma, 1. reticulohistiocytoma, 1.
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PMID:[Statistical survey of malignant skin tumors during the first five years of cases treated at the Dermatological Clinic of Shimane Medical University Hospital]. 284 9

A large excess of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma has been documented in renal transplant patients and may be related to immunosuppressive therapy, persistent antigenic challenge from the graft, or both. To determine whether immuno-suppression resulting from chronic renal failure is associated with an elevated risk of certain tumors such as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, the authors studied cancer incidence in a national cohort of 28,049 patients in the United States with chronic renal failure who received maintenance dialysis for at least six months (totaling 66,706 person-years of observation). Compared with national incidence rates, the relative risk (RR) of cancer was 0.9 (excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer, multiple myeloma, kidney cancer, and uterine cervix cancer). Moderate excesses of leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, thyroid cancer, and biliary tract cancer were found, but were not statistically significant for both sexes combined. A significantly elevated risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among patients with chronic glomerulonephritis (RR = 2.6) accounted for the excess observed in the total series, raising the possibility of factors specific to this disease.
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PMID:Cancer in patients receiving long-term dialysis treatment. 311 33

The First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANESI), conducted in 1971-1975, included a cohort of 6913 adults for whom history of smoking, allergies, and other factors was obtained. These persons were traced (with 93% success) approximately 10 years later by the NHANESI Epidemiologic Followup Survey, and incidence of malignancy in the interim period was determined. Primary allergy variables were physician-diagnosed asthma, hay fever, hives, food allergy, or other allergies. Excluded were persons with a prior history of cancer and cases of nonmelanoma skin cancer. After adjustment by logistic regression for age, sex, race, and smoking history, allergic history was found to increase the risk of subsequent malignancy (risk odds ratio = 1.40, 95% confidence interval = 1.10-1.77). The specific allergy type with the strongest cancer risk was hives. The cancer group with the strongest allergy association was lymphatic-hematopoietic (leukemia, lymphoma, myeloma). The risk odds ratio of developing leukemia, lymphoma, or myeloma for persons with hives history was 7.89 (95% CI = 3.13-19.89). These findings suggest that a history of allergy does not protect against subsequent cancer, and may be a risk factor. The possibility is raised that a history of hives may be a particular risk factor for lymphatic-hematopoietic malignancies.
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PMID:Allergy and risk of cancer. A prospective study using NHANESI followup data. 338 43

The mortality experience of 10,322 men employed in woodworking industries was compared with that of 406,798 nonwoodworkers. All subjects were enrolled in an American Cancer Society study and followed prospectively from 1959 through 1972. Age-adjusted rates of death from all causes and from all cancers were not higher in the woodworker group, but excess rates were observed for cancers of the lung, stomach, and bladder, as well as nonmelanoma skin cancer and possibly leukemia. Woodworkers experienced significantly decreased rates of colon-rectum cancer and coronary heart disease. The elevated cancer rates could not be explained by cigarette smoking habits. If anything, there is evidence to suggest a possible interaction between employment in woodworking trades and heavy cigarette smoking, in increasing the risk of lung and bladder cancer.
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PMID:Cancer mortality among woodworkers. 672 Jun 95

The cancer incidence was investigated among 27,884 fishermen and sailors from the merchant fleet who had been members of a pension fund for seamen during 1958-1986 in Iceland. The cancer incidence was followed through 1966-1988. Expected values were based on rates for the general male population in Iceland. In the whole cohort, 758 malignant neoplasms had occurred as compared to 688.43 expected, standardized incidence ratio (SIR) = 1.10, 95% confidence limit (CI) 1.03-1.18. There was an excess for cancer of the stomach, rectum, larynx, and lung and nonmelanoma skin cancer; the SIRs were 1.29, 1.44, 1.77, 1.61, and 1.51, respectively. When analyzing the cancer incidence according to length of employment, the SIRs for many of the cancer sites were high for those with a short employment and many SIRs decreased with increasing length of employment. The SIRs for lung cancer were high in all subgroups. Only for stomach cancer and leukemia was there a substantial increase in SIR with increasing length of employment. The SIR was 1.55 for stomach cancer (CI 1.01-2.27) in the group with longer than 10 years of employment, and 1.97 for leukemia (CI 0.85-3.87) in the same group. It is concluded that the risk of both stomach and lung cancer seems to be associated with the occupation of seamen.
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PMID:Cancer incidence among seamen in Iceland. 775 9

Two cases of second cutaneous neoplasms, one with adenoid cystic carcinoma of the skin and the other with basal cell carcinoma, both occurring 7 years after treatment for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are reported. Although such cutaneous neoplasms are generally reported in patients over 40 years of age, our cases, which were diagnosed at the ages of 9 and 14, are the first report of the occurrence of such cutaneous neoplasms following ALL. The neoplasms arose from the scalp of two patients who had received cranial irradiation for central nervous system prophylaxis. The possible link between leukemia therapy incorporating irradiation and the pathogenesis of second cutaneous neoplasms in the scalp is discussed.
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PMID:Second cutaneous neoplasms after acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood. 816 37

Recently released data on cancer incidence in Japanese atomic bomb survivors are analyzed using a variety of relative risk models that take account of errors in estimates of dose to assess the dose response at low doses. If a relative risk model with a threshold (the dose response is assumed linear above the threshold) is fitted to solid cancer data, a threshold of more than about 0.2 Sv is inconsistent with the data, whereas these data are consistent with there being no threshold. Among solid cancer subtypes there is strong evidence for a possible dose threshold only for nonmelanoma skin cancer. If a relative risk model with a threshold (the dose response is assumed linear above the threshold) is fitted to the leukemia data, a threshold of more than about 0.3 Sv is inconsistent with the data. In contrast to the estimates for the threshold level for solid cancer data, the best estimate for the threshold level in the leukemia data is significantly different from zero even when allowance is made for a possible quadratic term in the dose response, albeit at borderline levels of statistical significance (p = 0.04). There is little evidence for curvature in the leukemia dose response from 0.2 Sv upwards. However, possible underestimation of the errors in the estimates of the dose threshold as a result of confounding and uncertainties not taken into account in the analysis, together with the lack of biological plausibility of a threshold, makes interpretation of this finding questionable.
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PMID:Curvilinearity in the dose-response curve for cancer in Japanese atomic bomb survivors. 946 73

We studied sunlight exposure from outdoor work in relation to cancer, using data from 323,860 men participating in an occupational health service program of the Swedish construction industry. An experienced industrial hygienist assessed the exposure for 200 job tasks. We estimated relative risks (RRs) adjusted for age, smoking, and magnetic field exposure. There was an increased RR in the high-exposure group for myeloid leukemia [RR = 2.0, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 1.1-3.6] and lymphocytic leukemia (RR = 1.7, 95% CI = 0.9-3.2). For non-Hodgkin's lymphoma there was a 30% increase in risk in the high-exposure group (95% CI = 0.9-1.9). There was no increased risk of malignant melanoma, except for tumors of the head, face, and neck in the high-exposure group (RR = 2.0, 95% CI = 0.8-5.2), and we also found an increased risk for malignant melanoma of the eye in this group (RR = 3.4, 95% CI = 1.1-10.5). Outdoor workers had no increased risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer. Nevertheless, the RR for lip cancer (squamous cell carcinoma) among the high-exposure group was estimated at 1.8 (95% CI = 0.8-3.7). Among other sites, an increased risk of stomach cancer was suggested in this group (RR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.0-1.9). The results for lymphoma, leukemia, and possibly also for stomach cancer might reflect a suppression of the immune system from ultraviolet light in outdoor workers.
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PMID:Occupational sunlight exposure and cancer incidence among Swedish construction workers. 1150 75

The potent immunomodulatory, antiproliferative and antiviral properties of interferons (IFNs), together with their availability in large amounts thanks to the recombinant DNA technique, have resulted in their widespread clinical use in a variety of viral and nonviral proliferative disorders. In dermato-oncology, IFNs have been used primarily in melanoma, but also in nonmelanoma skin cancer, such as squamous and basal cell carcinomas, Kaposi sarcomas and lymphomas. Trials with IFNs have been performed in patients with melanoma in an adjuvant setting (stage II and III) and in metastatic disease (stage IV). While the response rates with IFNs as single agents in stage IV disease usually do not exceed 15%, the use of adjuvant IFNs has been claimed to increase disease-free survival (stage II), or even overall survival (stage III), in low- or high-dose regimens, respectively; the latter, however, involved numerous side-effects and were beset with lack of compliance and acceptance, as well as being very costly. Pegylated IFN (PEG-IFN) is a form of recombinant human IFN that has been chemically modified by the covalent attachment of a branched metoxpolyethylene glycol moiety. Pharmacogenetic and pharmacodynamic data obtained in animal and in phase I studies have indicated that PEG-IFN injected once a week has the potential to be superior in efficacy to human IFN injected three times a week. The safety profiles of PEG-IFN and IFN are comparable in healthy volunteers and in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients. PEG-IFN is currently being evaluated for the treatment of CHC, renal cell carcinoma, chronic myelogenous leukaemia, and malignant melanoma, the last in both stage IV and stage III disease.
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PMID:Perspectives of pegylated interferon use in dermatological oncology. 1207 10


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