Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0023418 (leukemia)
 93,477 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

With the recent advances in the immunological surveillance system, an understanding of the role of host immunity has become essential to the management of carcinogenesis, tumor proliferation, recurrence and metastasis. Although it is important to continue chemical and surgical treatment of cancer, support of the anti-tumor immune system of the host should also be considered. Long term remission has been reported in leukemia by treating with BCG after chemotherapy whereas surgical treatment is usually more effective in preventing cancer recurrence in digestive organ cancer. The first step is extirpating the tumor as thoroughly as possible and the second step is chemo-immunotherapy. Cancer immunity, however weak, constitutes the basis for other treatments in selectively attacking cancer cells remaining after surgery, chemotherapy or irradiation. Immunotherapy should thus not replace chemotherapy or radiotherapy, but these methods should be employed in combination to attain more favorable results.
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PMID:Cancer immunotherapy with surgery. 14 59

Urethane was found to be uniformly distributed in all the major organs of foetal, young and adult ICR/Jcl mice and then to disappear rapidly as measured by the incorporation of urethane-carbonyl-14C, thus permitting the accurate comparison of tumour susceptibility of cells in various organs of mice at different ages. Lung tumour frequency (tumours/lung) was significantly higher in mice treated with urethane when young (21 days old) and adult (63 days old) than in those treated in utero (Days 11-19 of gestation). When relative sensitivity of a lung cell was calculated as the ratio of average number of tumours per lung per mg of lung at the time of treatment, however, a lung cell of the foetus was more sensitive to urethane than that of the young and adult. Hepatomata were induced significantly only when male foetuses and neonates were exposed to urethane. The offspring exposed to urethane on Days 11-16, however, developed hepatomata in lower incidence than those exposed on Days 14-19, whereas the previous investigation by the author revealed that Days 11-13 correspond to the stage most sensitive to hepatocarcinogenesis. This contradiction was due to the occurrence of testicular hypogenesis (chemical castration) in all offspring of the former group. Differentiating female gonad and rapidly proliferating blood vessels of the placenta and deciduum were also sensitive to tumour induction by urethane. Thus, high tumour susceptibility of rapidly proliferating and undifferentiated cells suggests that some initiating events in the process of carcinogenesis may occur during or after DNA replication. Leukaemia induction in the young mice, but not in the foetus, remains to be elucidated.
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PMID:Comparison of tumour susceptibility among various organs of foetal, young and adult ICR/Jcl mice. 17 60

All known tumor types have been reported in the neonate. A numerical listing and discussion are beyond the scope of this review. Wells and Fraumeni give some insight into common congenital malignant neoplasms. Table 2 lists the percentage of neonatal deaths caused by type-specific cancers. Retinoblastoma is probably the most common malignant tumor in the neonate. About seven per cent of these tumors have been apparent at birth. This tumor is not discussed in either article because it is not lethal until muypes in neonatal and pediatric patients. Some congenital malformations in the in the neonate are recognized as being frankly benign (cysts), potentially malignant (teratomas), and frankly malignant (neuroblastoma). A high percentage of teratomas are benign in the newborn period. Leukemia in the newborn appears to be more aggressive yet neuroblastoma has a better prognosis. More studies are needed to help us define why the neonate does better with some tumors and worse with others. Surface cell markers on neonatal leukemia, B and T cell function studies, and other immunologic surveillance studies are needed. Study of neonatal oncology may add to our knowledge of carcinogenesis and oncogenesis in the future.
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PMID:Neonatal oncology. 19 75

12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, a potent promoter of carcinogenesis in mouse skin, enhanced differentiation of cultured mouse myeloid leukemia cells (M1) induced by human urinary protein or by lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella typhosa. 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate enhanced differentiation of all the markers tested, such as phagocytosis, Fc rosette formation, lysozyme activity, and morphological change. Other potent tumor-promoting macrocyclic plant diterpenes also enhanced the induction of differentiation, but no-tumor-promoting diterpenes did not. These findings were in marked contrast with generally accepted findings on the inhibitory effect of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate on terminal differentiation observed in other cell culture systems but consistent with the observations with some kinds of leukemia cells.
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PMID:Enhancing effect of phorbol esters on induction of differentiation of mouse myeloid leukemia cells by human urinary protein and lipopolysaccharide. 29 79

There are no precise data for determining the extent of somatic damage from small doses of radiation used in diagnostic radiology. Diagnostic radiation given to pregnant women, knowingly or unknowingly, should rarely reach teratogenic levels causing brain and eye abnormalities. Evidence suggests that it does increase the risk of childhood malignancy, especially leukemia. Although rapidly growing tissues seem most susceptible, all radiation probably carries a very small risk of carcinogenesis. Genetic damage is equally difficult to estimate. Diagnostic radiation of females, even in childhood, may be related to an increased incidence of Down's syndrome in older mothers. Radiation also causes point mutations, which may explain the increase of some genetic abnormalities in progeny of older fathers. Whenever an abdominal or pelvic radiograph is ordered before the end of the reproductive period, there must be a potential benefit to balance the small risk involved.
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PMID:Potential hazards of diagnostic radiation. 32 Feb 16

The perinatal period cumulates conditions favorable to carcinogenesis that comprise high cellular multiplication rates, unstable homeostasis, and immune incompetence. The placenta allows the passage of various antigens including oncogenic viruses that have immunogenic or tolerogenic effects on the fetus. According to the structural type in different species, the placenta also transfers a diversity of maternal antibodies that protect efficiently the unborn progeny. However, in the postnatal period, the infant deprived of maternal antibodies and still incompetent to produce sufficient levels of immunoglobulins is highly susceptible to viral carcinogenesis. In an experimental system, newborn rats were totally protected against viral leukemogenesis by prenatal immunization of mothers with either live or inactivated leukemia virus. The routes of transfer and the comparative efficiency of serum and milk immunoglobulins of different classes to neutralize the virus were examined. The passage of antibodies under conditions of maternal immunosuppression was also studied.
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PMID:Perinatal viral carcinogenesis: the role of immunity. 38 61

Radioactive nuclides for treatment have occupied an important but somewhat diminishing role in the total practice of nuclear medicine. Although theoretically they should have important potentialities, particularly in the treatment of various forms of cancer, their development in this field has not kept pace with the progress in other treatment modalities in radiation oncology. Indications for the selection of appropriate isotopes for therapy revolve about the emission of beta particles of sufficient energy, which are administered in a chemical form that reaches the tumor. Methods of calculation of doses delivered to sites of deposition are discussed in the text. Radiobiologic considerations include the possibility of early deleterious effects from overdosage, and consideration of chromosomal changes of circulating lymphocytes and their implications. Late effects that have been of great public concern are confined almost solely to possible carcinogenesis, and this effect has been minimal in patients receiving therapeutic levels of radioactive drugs. Genetic and developmental effects, also, have been negligible. Complications encountered more frequently have been leukemia after extensive therapy of thyroid carcinoma, and local fibrosis after direct injection of radioactive colloids into tumor tissue.
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PMID:Radiotherapeutic agents: properties, dosimetry, and radiobiologic considerations. 48 53

The essential role of Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV) multiplication in viral-chemical co-carcinogenesis was investigated by the use of ethidium bromide (EtBr) as an inhibitor of viral complementary DNA (cDNA) integration in the host genome. EtBr inhibited co-carcinogenic transformation when present at the time of RLV inoculation but was ineffective when added to preinfected cells. Inhibitors of protein synthesis, puromycin and cyclohexamide also inhibited co-carcinogenic transformation of chronically infected cells. Purified rat interferon used at a concentration which inhibited 85% of RLV production did not modify the course of co-carcinogenic transformation. The implications of these observations in terms of the possible role of the virus-specific protein (s) in the co-carcinogenic process are discussed.
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PMID:Chemical-viral co-carcinogenesis: requirement for leukemia virus expression in accelerated transformation. 99 12

The carcinogenic effects of a single dose of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) were studied in three inbred strains of mice. The most predominant tumors observed were lung adenomas, leukemia, and liver tumors. Mice of strain AKR/J developed both leukemia and lung tumors; SWR/J mice were most susceptible to lung tumor development; and in C57BL/6J mice liver lesions including liver tumors occurred. The influence of the genetic background on the organ susceptibility to DEN-carcinogenesis is discussed.
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PMID:Carcinogenic effects of a single dose of diethylnitrosamine in three unrelated strains of mice: genetic dependence of the induced tumor types and incidence. 101 51

The same total dose of 9 mg of N-methylintrosourea (MNU) was given intracetally to two groups of ICR/Ha mice by by varing the dose rate and frequency. Thirty individual doses of 0.3 mg each three times per week induced large bowel neoplasms with high incidence after the 17th week, compared with six doses of 1.5 mg each three times per week which also led to leukemia in all mice until the 18th week. Small adenomatous nodules of the lung appeared in almost all mice of both groups. In the large intestine, adenocarcinomas and adenomas were found in the distal colon and rectum, and squamous cell carcinomas at the anal canal. Intrarectal instillation of carcinogenic chemicals such as MNU to mice is a good method to develop animal models for colon carcinogenesis,and also other target organs.
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PMID:Colon cancer induction in mice by intrarectal instillation of N-methylnitosorurea (38498). 112 55


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