Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0023418 (leukemia)
 93,477 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Results of a study on the relative frequencies of tumors in American black and Nigerian children were compared with data from the Childhood Cancer Registries in Manchester, United Kingdom, and Kampala, Uganda. The American black child living in Washington, D.C. and the Caucasian child living in Manchester had similar high frequencies for leukemia and glioma, whereas the incidence of lymphoma and retinoblastoma was low. African children living in Nigeria or Uganda had the opposite frequency patterns. These differences in frequencies of tumors between two ethnologically related population groups, American black and Nigerian, suggested the influence of environmental factors in the etiology of these tumors, even though exposure to environmental carcinogens was short. The rarity of Ewing's sarcoma and testicular tumors in American black and Nigerian children suggested a genetic influence.
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PMID:Malignant tumors in American black and Nigerian children: a comparative study. 16 71

The practical value of cytologic examination in the clinical management of children with cancer was determined by analyzing 2,363 cytologic specimens collected during a two year period. The specimens included cerebrospinal fluid, pleural and peritoneal effusions, urine and tracheal aspirates from 347 children with cancer. Malignant tumor cells were detected in 266 specimens obtained from 106 children with the following malignant neoplasms: leukemia 44/133, malignant lymphoma 13/64, soft tissue sarcoma 13/48, neuroblastoma 13/26, Wilms' tumor 4/18, malignant teratoma 4/13, osteogenic sarcoma 7/11, Ewing's sarcoma 2/10, brain tumor 5/6 and retinoblastoma 1/1. No malignant cells were detected in fluids from 18 patients with other tumors. The malignant cells were identified most ofter in spinal fluid, pleural and peritoneal effusions. Cytologic examination appears to be of value in the clinical management of children with cancer.
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PMID:Diagnostic value of cytologic specimens obtained from children with cancer. 16 27

A case is presented in which the diagnosis of acute myelomonocytic leukemia was made 16 months after the start of irradiation and chemotherapy for Ewing's sarcoma. The association of these two diseases is rare. The etiologic role of therapy in the development of leukemia is speculative in this case. However, there is need for surveillance for secondary neoplasms of all types so that the benefits of therapy may be properly weighed against the risks.
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PMID:Acute myelomonocytic leukemia after irradiation and chemotherapy for Ewing's sarcoma. 28 Jul 41

VP-16-213, a semisynthetic podophyliotoxin, was tested for antitumor and clinical toxicity in 126 children. The drug was administered iv daily x 5 days every 2 weeks at a starting dose of 75 mg/m2/day. The dose was increased by 25 mg/m2/day/course until clinical response or significant toxicity occurred. The only major toxicity was hematologic, with neutropenia as the most predominant feature. There was one local allergic reaction at the site of injection. No systemic allergic responses were reported. The drug demonstrated significant activity in acute myelomonocytic leukemia with four responses among 19 patients, less activity in acute myelocytic leukemia with two responses among 44 patients, and little activity in acute lymphocytic leukemia with only one partial response among 12 patients. Objective partial responses occurred in ten of 48 patients with solid tumors: two each with Wilms' tumor, lymphoma, and histiocytosis X, and one each with rhabdomyosarcoma, neuroblastoma, Ewing's sarcoma, and undifferentiated carcinoma. The inclusion of VP-16-213 in combination chemotherapy for childhood acute myelomonocytic leukemia and acute myelocytic leukemia appears indicated in patients relapsing after initial therapy. For solid tumors this is an interim report, with further patient accrual required before specific comments can be made.
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PMID:Phase II study of VP-16-213 in childhood malignant disease: a Children's Cancer Study Group Report. 29 6

It is well known that there are many independent and inter-related clinical and pathologic factors which influence the prognosis of patients with benign and malignant conditions. Lymphocyte level is an index of cell-mediated immunity which is important in host defense against cancer. But it is surprising that a simple test such as peripheral lymphocyte count could be correlated with clinical stages and survival results in patients with Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-lymphomatous solid tumors. Regarding the latter, lymphocyte count had prognostic values in patients with cancer of the bone, Ewing's sarcoma; breast; colon; kidney, neuroblastoma; uterine cervix, and other sites. In general, higher lymphocyte counts before therapy correlated with longer survival. Using newer immunologic techniques, T and B lymphocytes can be identified and the different subtypes of leukemia, immunodeficiency and lymphoproliferative diseases have been studied intensively. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia represents a proliferation of B cells, while the Sezary syndrome represents that of T lymphocytes. There is a qualitative and quantitative disturbance of Blymphocytes in patients with multiple myeloma. In Hodgkin's disease, there is hyperactivity of the B cells and functional defect of the T cells. Finally, the nodular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma resulted from neoplastic transformation of the B lymphocytes. In several nonmalignant autoimmune conditions, abnormality of T-cell or B-cell counts has been reported. For example, T cells were reported to be decreased in patients with ulcerative or granulomatous colitis and in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, However, it needs to be pointed out that, in 1973, Farid and associates (44) reported a significant increase in T and a proportionate reduction of B rosette in 17 patients with untreated Grave's disease and 16 with Hashimoto's thyroiditis as compared with 24 normal and eight goiter controls. In 1975, six publications later, they (143) had to announce a retraction because further studies by them and by other investigators could not repeat the earlier results. Despite variations and lack of standardization of the test systems, some consistent deviations of T-lymphocyte and B-lymphocyte counts have been reported. T lymphocytes were quantitatively decreased in patients with carcinoma of the brain, breast, head and neck, liver, lung and urologic organs and with malignant melanoma. In general, there is a marked decrease of T cells with increasing stage of disease and a return of T cells to normal level after successful therapy. Cellular immunity is depressed, often lasting for years after localized radiation therapy, whether or not the thymus is included in the treatment field...
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PMID:Peripheral lymphocyte count and suppopulations of T and B lymphocytes in benign and malignant diseases. 30 Jan 79

Since the introduction of cytocentrifugation, the methods of clinical cytology have become more refined. The following advantages should be stressed: 1. speed and ease of processing, 2. highest possible cellular yield, 3. good preservation of cellular characteristics. In the light of predominantly CSF analyses in the field of pediatric oncology the above mentioned findings are clearly illustrated (ALL, AML, reticulum cell sarcomatosis, Ewing sarcoma, leptomeninx sarcoma, retinoblastoma, Letterer-Siwe's disease, familial erythrophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, plexus papilloma). Malignancies are clearly distinguishable from benign conditions (toxic glial reactions, virus meningitides, CNS hemorrhages etc.). The higher cellular yield permits very early diagnosis of meningeal leukemia. This qualitative improvement of cytological diagnostic methods may considerably influence the choice of therapeutic procedures in the treatment of malignancies.
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PMID:[Optimation and simplification of clinical tumor cytodiagnosis by means of cytocentrifugation]. 79 95

Immunosuppressive drugs are known to increase the risk of inducing neoplasia, especially acute leukaemia when high doses are used. A case of nephrosis in a 10 year-old boy treated with chlormethine (cumulative dose: 0.8 mg/kg) and chlorambucil (cumulative dose: 10 mg/kg) is reported. Four years after the beginning of the treatment an extraskeletal Ewing's sarcoma occurred. Since the review of literature failed to find any malignancy induced by such an immunosuppressive treatment for nephrosis, the question whether or not this extraskeletal Ewing's sarcoma was attributable to this treatment remains unanswered.
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PMID:[Neurectodermal malignant tumor of the soft tissues after treatment with immunosuppressive agents of lipoid nephrosis]. 137 5

Twelve patients with localized Ewing's sarcoma were treated between 1980-1990 at the Istanbul School of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Oncology-Hematology, Oncology Research and Treatment Center and Our Children Leukemia Foundation. There were 8 boys and 4 girls, with a mean age of 8.1 (range 3-17) years. The tumors were in the femur in 3 patients, in the humerus and rib in 2 patients each and in the tibia, radius, vertebra, clavicula and pelvis in 1 patient each. Chemotherapy alone was applied in 2 patients, 1 patient had chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The remaining 9 cases were treated with Chemotherapy and radiotherapy (during the chemotherapy). The chemotherapy protocols were: VAC (n = 5), VACA (n = 3), IVAD (n = 3) and T.9 (n = 1). One patient died from the disease itself. Remissions were achieved in the other 11 patients. After 5 to 95 months (mean: 22 months) 7 patients had relapsed (4 had local and 3 had distant metastases). Three patients were not able to be followed, 3 died due to additional problems (infection, cardiotoxicity). The best prognosis was achieved when Ewing's sarcoma initiated in the long bones, with less than 100 ml tumor volumes and patients were under 5 years old. There were no significant differences among chemotherapy protocols.
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PMID:Ewing's sarcoma: experience with 12 cases. 140 71

Of 6,099 children treated for malignancy, 16 (ages 3.5 to 18 years) developed acute appendicitis between 1962 and 1989. Fourteen had leukemia (ALL 10, AML 4). One each had rhabdomyosarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma. Active malignancy at diagnosis was noted in 10, 4 of whom had severe neutropenia (absolute neutrophil count less than 500/mm3). Of all the leukemics (2,794/6,099), abdominal pain during induction was a frequent complaint. The incidence of appendicitis, however, was low (0.5%). Nine of the 16 patients presented classically, facilitating prompt diagnosis and treatment. Six diagnoses were delayed. Three of these patients presented atypically with vague, nonlocalized pain, abdominal distention, lack of abdominal guarding, fever, dehydration, diarrhea, and unusual symptoms such as upper gastrointestinal bleeding. In each of these 6 patients the appendix was ruptured. Delays led to complications and deaths. Three patients required perioperative transfusions to treat excessive bleeding and two patients with ruptured appendicitis developed wound abscesses. Two patients died; in one, ruptured appendix was diagnosed only at autopsy. The other patient died of uncontrolled sepsis. Typhlitis occurring during induction chemotherapy may present similarly and is the main differential diagnosis. Typhlitis will usually improve with medical treatment alone. Nausea and vomiting (13/16), right lower quadrant pain (13/16), guarding (14/16), tachycardia (12/16), fever (10/16), and rebound tenderness (10/16) were the most frequent signs and symptoms of appendicitis. Persistent localized abdominal pain and guarding, lack of improvement with medical treatment, clinical deterioration, and the development of a mass were our indications for laparotomy. Despite major improvements in therapy, there is still a 37.5% error rate in our ability to accurately diagnose appendicitis in pediatric cancer patients.
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PMID:Acute appendicitis in children with leukemia and other malignancies: still a diagnostic dilemma. 152 62

A series of fine-needle aspiration biopsies performed in 635 children were reviewed. The diagnoses rendered in these patients included malignant lymphoma in 139 (21.9%); Hodgkin's disease, 25 (3.9%); neuroblastoma, 58 (9.1%); Wilms' Tumor, 37 (5.8%); Ewing's sarcoma, 32 (5.0%); rhabdomyosarcoma, 25 (3.9%); retinoblastoma, 22 (3.5%); leukemia infiltrate, 33 (5.2%); and miscellaneous tumors, 52 (8.2%). In 171 patients (26.9%), the biopsy was nondiagnostic. The cytomorphological characteristics of these lesions are briefly described and illustrated. Salient morphological features are further correlated with histological and ultrastructural appearances. Immunocytochemical patterns of these tumors are also discussed briefly.
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PMID:Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of pediatric neoplasms: correlation between electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry in diagnosis and classification. 160 83


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