Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0023418 (leukemia)
 93,477 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

As increasing numbers of women with breast cancer survive their illness, it is critical to ascertain the long-term consequences of breast cancer treatment. One important effect is the occurrence of second malignancies, particularly in women treated with radiation therapy. Methodologic considerations raised in studying this issue include the effects of postmastectomy radiotherapy vs whole-breast irradiation, as currently employed following breast-conserving surgery; particularly germane are differences in the fields irradiated and the relative dosages to which various organs are exposed. Breast cancer radiotherapy does not appear to be a major factor in the occurrence of subsequent contralateral breast cancer. Such therapy may raise the risk of leukemia, particularly in association with certain types of adjuvant chemotherapy. Lung cancer risk is also increased, especially in cigarette smokers, and there are some indications that the risks of esophageal cancer and sarcomas may be elevated as well. Clinicians should be aware of these risks when trying to distinguish breast cancer recurrences from new primary malignancies. However, it should also be remembered that a high relative risk may represent only a slight increase in absolute risk. The benefits of breast cancer radiotherapy in improving survival or quality of life remain the principal factors to be weighed when deciding whether to treat patients with radiation.
 ...
PMID:Carcinogenic effects of radiotherapy for breast cancer. 1050 22

A randomized phase II trial conducted by the Cancer and Leukemia Group B in patients with unresectable non-small cell lung cancer showed that induction chemotherapy followed by concurrent radiotherapy and chemotherapy was feasible when cisplatin was administered together with either gemcitabine, vinorelbine, or paclitaxel. The dominant toxicity was esophagitis. Preliminary survival data are encouraging. Other trials in progress or planned will elucidate the relative contributions of induction and concurrent therapy to outcome. A phase I study has shown that it is feasible to combine docetaxel (Taxotere: Aventis, Antony, France) with concomitant radiotherapy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung or esophageal cancer. Giving the drug once every 3 weeks during standard radiotherapy, the maximum tolerated dose is 40 mg/m2 per cycle. The dose-limiting toxicities are neutropenia and esophagitis. However, it is possible to escalate the total docetaxel dose to 60 mg/m2 per cycle by weekly administration of 20 mg/m2. Beyond this point, esophagitis is dose limiting. In the palliative-intent treatment setting, the weekly administration of docetaxel is also likely to be a helpful new approach to administering the drug in subgroups of patients such as the elderly and those with concomitant disease. Weekly docetaxel (36 mg/m2/wk) was administered to patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer who were elderly (median age, 71 years) or had poor performance status. In this unfavorable group, weekly docetaxel produced a 19% objective response rate and with further follow-up, 1-year survival is 28%. This level of activity is similar to other single agents recently evaluated in more favorable patient groups. The lack of myelosuppression seen with weekly administration suggests that the dose intensity of docetaxel could be maintained in combination regimens.
 ...
PMID:Docetaxel (Taxotere) in combination with radiation therapy and the potential of weekly administration in elderly and/or poor performance status patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. 1128 21

The worldwide rates for histology- and subsite-specific types of esophageal and gastric cancer reveal strikingly divergent patterns. The contribution of environmental and genetic factors has been explored in several high-incidence areas, but data on genetic influences are scarce for Western countries. Using data from a multicenter, population-based, case-control study on 1,143 cases and 695 controls in the United States, we evaluated whether a family history of digestive or other cancers was associated with an increased risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma (n = 293), esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (n = 221), gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (n = 261) or non-cardia gastric adenocarcinoma (n = 368). After adjusting for other risk factors, individuals reporting a family history of digestive cancers experienced no increased risk of either type of esophageal cancer but they were prone to adenocarcinomas of the gastric cardia [odds ratio (OR) = 1.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.91-1.97] and non-cardia segments (OR =1.46, 95% CI 1.03-2.08). This familial tendency, particularly for non-cardia gastric tumors, was largely explained by an association with family history of stomach cancer (OR = 2.52, 95% CI 1.50-4.23). In addition, family history of breast cancer was associated with increased risks of esophageal adenocarcinoma (OR = 1.74, 95% CI 1.07-2.83) and non-cardia gastric adenocarcinoma (OR = 1.76, 95% CI 1.09-2.82). Also seen were non-significant familial associations of esophageal squamous-cell cancer with prostate cancer as well as non-cardia gastric cancer with leukemia and brain tumors, though these relationships must be interpreted with caution. Our data point to the role of familial susceptibility to gastric cancer, but not to any form of esophageal cancer, in the United States.
 ...
PMID:Family history of cancer and risk of esophageal and gastric cancers in the United States. 1139 35

The fact that treatment of leukemia (Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia) with ATRA (All-Trans Retinoic Acid) was so succeeded that it was considered as a good example for tumor therapy. In the treatment of solid tumors by means of induced differentiation, however, has not been yet so broken-through. DMSO (Dimethylsulfoxide) was a common and simple organic compound, which comprised a variety of biological activities. For example, DMSO induced differentiation of leukemia in many reports. However, the effect of DMSO on solid tumors was to be explored further. In the present study, DMSO was used to human esophageal cancer cell lines in vitro in comparison with the classical inducer ATRA. From the view of morphology, cell cycle, growth inhibition, cytokeratin 4 expression, dye transfer and tumorigenecity, the results demonstrated that DMSO as well as ATRA could induce differentiation of human esophageal cancer cells. Interestingly, DMSO was confirmed to be more effective in inducing differentiation of esophageal cancer cells than ATRA. It suggests that DMSO showed some good prospects for the treatment of solid tumors.
 ...
PMID:[Experimental study on the induced-differentiation of human esophageal cancer cells treated with dimethylsulfoxide]. 1201 58

The subjects for the present study were 270 patients with prostate cancer who underwent initial treatment at our hospital over the 14 years from 1986 to 1999. They were investigated to assess the relationship between their treatment and metachronous tumors. Sixteen patients (5.9%) developed cancer of other organs after starting treatment for prostate cancer. These metachronous tumors included gastric cancer in six patients as well as lung cancer, esophageal cancer, colorectal cancer, liver cancer, renal cancer, bladder cancer, skin cancer, leukemia, and mediastinal adenocarcinoma. Treatment for prostate cancer other than surgery included radiotherapy in eight patients, administration of estramustine phosphate sodium in nine patients, and LH-RH analogues in six patients. The chi-square test showed no significant difference in the incidence of metachronous cancer in relation to the presence/absence of these three therapies. The present study therefore ruled out the possible induction of other tumors by treatment for prostate cancer.
 ...
PMID:[Second cancer after starting treatment for prostate cancer]. 1221 69

Fanconi anemia (FA) is an autosomal recessive condition associated with congenital abnormalities, progressive pancytopenia, and a predisposition to leukemia and solid tumors. We studied a retrospective cohort of North American patients with FA. We calculated relative risks of cancer compared to the general population and cause-specific hazards of the first major adverse outcomes of FA: bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for marrow complications, acute myeloid leukemia (AML), solid tumors, or death from bone marrow failure. We also estimated the cumulative incidence of each adverse event in the presence of the competing risks. Among 145 patients with FA, 9 developed leukemia and 14 developed a total of 18 solid tumors. The ratio of observed to expected cancers (O/E ratio) was 50 for all cancers, 48 for all solid tumors, and 785 for leukemia; these increased risks were statistically significant. The highest solid tumor O/E ratios were 4317 for vulvar cancer, 2362 for esophageal cancer, and 706 for head and neck cancer. Cause-specific hazards of both death and AML peaked at 1%/y in teenage years; the hazard of BMT peaked at 4%/y at age 7. In contrast, the hazard of a solid tumor approached 8%/y by age 40 years. The cumulative incidence to age 48 was 10% for leukemia, 11% for death from marrow failure, 29% for a solid tumor, and 43% for BMT. The risk of a solid tumor may become even higher as death from aplastic anemia is reduced and as patients survive longer after BMT.
 ...
PMID:Cancer incidence in persons with Fanconi anemia. 1258 46

Occupational exposure to diesel exhaust has been classified as probably carcinogenic and that to gasoline engine exhaust as possibly carcinogenic to humans. Earlier results concerning cancers other than lung cancer are scarce and inconsistent, and exposure-response relations have seldom been reported. We followed up a cohort of all economically active Finns born between 1906 and 1945 for 30 million person-years during 1971-1995. Incident cases of esophageal cancer (n = 2,198), ovarian cancer (5,082), testicular cancer (387), kidney cancer (7,366), bladder cancer (8,110) and leukemia (4,562) were identified through a record linkage with the Finnish Cancer Registry. Occupations from the population census in 1970 were converted to exposures to diesel and gasoline engine exhausts with a job-exposure matrix (FINJEM). Cumulative exposure (CE) was calculated as product of prevalence, level and estimated duration of exposure. The relative risk (RR) of cancer for exposure categories in relation to the unexposed group was calculated using the Poisson regression model and adjusted for confounders. An increasing RR for ovarian cancer was observed with the increasing CE of diesel exhaust (p for trend = 0.006). The RR in the highest CE category was 3.69 (95% CI = 1.38-9.86). For gasoline engine exhaust, the RR was significantly increased only in the middle CE category (1.70; 95% CI = 1.11-2.62). Slight elevations of RR for bladder and kidney cancers were found at the lowest exposure level of engine exhausts, largely attributable to drivers. No effect of the exposures was observed for the other cancers. This study suggests an exposure-response relation between diesel exhaust and ovarian cancer.
 ...
PMID:Risk of esophageal, ovarian, testicular, kidney and bladder cancers and leukemia among finnish workers exposed to diesel or gasoline engine exhaust. 1519 84

Studies of leukemia and lung cancer mortality at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard (PNS) have yielded conflicting results. In an expanded cohort of PNS workers employed between 1952 and 1992 and followed through 1996, the all-cause standardized mortality ratio (SMR) was 0.95 (95% confidence interval, 0.93-0.96). Employment duration SMRs were elevated with confidence intervals excluding 1.00 for lung cancer, esophageal cancer, and all cancers combined. Leukemia mortality was as expected overall, but standardized rate ratio analyses showed a significant positive linear trend with increasing external radiation dose. The role of solvent exposures could not be evaluated. Findings differed by radiation monitoring subcohort, with excess asbestosis deaths limited to radiation workers and several smoking-related causes of death higher among nonmonitored workers. At PNS, asbestos exposure and possibly smoking could be nonrandomly distributed with respect to radiation exposure, suggesting potential for confounding in internal analyses of an occupational cohort.
 ...
PMID:Differences in mortality by radiation monitoring status in an expanded cohort of Portsmouth Naval Shipyard workers. 1524 7

Esophageal cancer is a rare but highly virulent malignancy in the United States, and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus has had the most rapid rate of increase of any solid tumor malignancy. Systemic metastatic disease is present in 50% of patients at diagnosis. In the remaining 50% presenting with local regional disease, systemic metastatic disease will develop in the vast majority of these patients. The limited efficacy and toxicity of conventional fluorouracil (5-FU)/cisplatin-based chemotherapy has prompted the evaluation of newer agents. Irinotecan (Camptosar) has shown promising single-agent activity in a number of gastrointestinal cancers, including colorectal, pancreatic, and esophagogastric cancer. The phase II evaluation of the combination of weekly irinotecan and cisplatin has shown encouraging response rates exceeding 30% to 50% in esophageal and gastric cancer. Hematologic toxicity using a schedule of 4 consecutive weeks of therapy followed by 2 weeks of rest prompted interest in a multicenter trial evaluation of a change in therapy delivery to 2 weeks on and 1 week off. Cisplatin at 30 mg/m2 was administered with irinotecan at 65 mg/m2, days 1 and 8, on an every-21-day schedule. Thirty-nine patients were entered on study, with 36 evaluable for toxicity and 31 evaluable for response. Grade 3/4 neutropenia was observed in only 22% of patients, reduced from 49% in a prior phase II trial employing 4 consecutive weeks of therapy. Confirmed major responses were observed in 36% of patients (10 of 28). A change to a day 1, day 8 schedule of weekly irinotecan and cisplatin appears to reduce hematologic toxicity but maintain antitumor activity in patients with esophageal and gastroesophageal junction cancer. A randomized phase II trial in gastric and esophageal cancer comparing weekly irinotecan and cisplatin to epirubicin, cisplatin, and 5-FU, and to infusional 5-FU in combination with irinotecan, will be conducted by the Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB). A phase II trial combining this schedule of weekly cisplatin and irinotecan and concurrent radiotherapy given as preoperative therapy will also be conducted by the CALGB as a pilot trial.
 ...
PMID:Phase II trial of weekly irinotecan/cisplatin in advanced esophageal cancer. 1568 30

For almost 30 years no population-based cancer statistics have been available with which to estimate the cancer burden in Iran. In 2002 and 2003 two separate reports of population based cancer registries were published from Iran and the cancer incidence rates from these sources have permitted informed estimates of cancer incidence and mortality to be prepared. They suggest that more than 51,000 cases of cancer are diagnosed and 35,000 deaths due to cancer occur each year. The 5 most common cancers in males (by ASR) are stomach (26.1 per 10(5)), esophagus (17.6 ), colon-rectum (8.3), bladder (8.0) and leukemia (4.8), and in females are breast (17.1), esophagus (14.4), stomach (11.1), colon-rectum (6.5) and cervix uteri (4.5). The incidence rates of esophageal and stomach cancer in Iran are high, well above the world average, while the incidence of lung cancer is very low. Breast cancer, although the most common cancer of females in Iran, has rates that are low by world standards, especially those observed in Europe and USA. Similarly, the incidence of cervix cancer in Iran is very low, even lower than such low risk countries as China, Kuwait and Spain. Comparing these rates with the data of 30 years ago, the incidence of esophageal cancer has decreased dramatically, but gastric cancer has increased about two fold.
 ...
PMID:Cancer occurrence in Iran in 2002, an international perspective. 1623


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Next >>