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Query: UMLS:C0023418 (leukemia)
 93,477 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We measured mortality rates in a cohort of 20,508 aerospace workers who were followed up over the period 1950-1993. A total of 4,733 workers had occupational exposure to trichloroethylene. In addition, trichloroethylene was present in some of the washing and drinking water used at the work site. We developed a job-exposure matrix to classify all jobs by trichloroethylene exposure levels into four categories ranging from "none" to "high" exposure. We calculated standardized mortality ratios for the entire cohort and the trichloroethylene exposed subcohort. In the standardized mortality ratio analyses, we observed a consistent elevation for nonmalignant respiratory disease, which we attribute primarily to the higher background rates of respiratory disease in this region. We also compared trichloroethylene-exposed workers with workers in the "low" and "none" exposure categories. Mortality rate ratios for nonmalignant respiratory disease were near or less than 1.00 for trichloroethylene exposure groups. We observed elevated rare ratios for ovarian cancer among those with peak exposure at medium and high levels] relative risk (RR) = 2.74; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.84-8.99] and among women with high cumulative exposure (RR = 7.09; 95% CI = 2.14-23.54). Among those with peak exposures at medium and high levels, we observed slightly elevated rate ratios for cancers of the kidney (RR = 1.89; 95% CI = 0.85-4.23), bladder (RR = 1.41; 95% CI = 0.52-3.81), and prostate (RR = 1.47; 95% CI = 0.85-2.55). Our findings do not indicate an association between trichloroethylene exposure and respiratory cancer, liver cancer, leukemia or lymphoma, or all cancers combined.
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PMID:Mortality of aerospace workers exposed to trichloroethylene. 964 7

From Jan. 1995 to Jan. 1996, an investigation on the mortality of malignant tumours in three counties, Feng, Mei, Qishan, in Baoji area Shanxi Province during 1992-1994, had been carried out. Comparing the results of this study to the results from the cancer survey carried out in 1970' in China, we noticed that the average ages of death to breast cancer had decreased but deaths to lymphoma and leukemia had increased dramatically. Sex ratios (male/female) of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and brain tumor had also increased dramatically. However, crude mortalities and age standardized mortalities decreased with esophageal cancer the most in all types of cancers except cancer of the lung. Comparing the ranking of cancer death rates with that of the 1970's, liver cancer upgraded from the 3rd place to the 1st, but esophageal cancer descended from the 1st to the 4th place. Cancers topped the first 5 places were: liver, stomach, lung, esophagus and colon. The proportion of deaths from cancers of the digestive system cancers including liver, stomach, esophagus, gallbladder and pancreas was 64.27%. Death due to cancers from digestive system was the main part of all deaths caused by all types of cancers in this area.
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PMID:[A comparison between the results of cancer mortalities in 1972-1975 and in 1992-1994 in a rural area of Shanxi Province, China]. 981 65

To assess risks of cancer mortality among workers exposed to paints, published papers referring to painters and mortality with standardized mortality ratios (SMR) were meta-analyzed in fixed and random effect models. The SMR for all sites of cancer was significantly raised (111.4; 95% CI: 105.8-117.4). The highest risks of cancer death were from leukemia (187; 95% CI: 114.5-306.7) and from liver cancer (143.6; 95% CI: 117.6-175.4). The SMRs for esophagus and stomach cancer were 132.7 (95% CI: 112.1-157.2) and 120.3 (95% CI: 111.3-130.0), respectively. The risks of bladder cancer (130.4; 95% CI: 113.8-149.5) and lung cancer (129.1; 95% CI: 119.2-139.8) were also raised. The findings provide evidence of an association between work as a painter and risk of cancer, although the confounding effects of smoking and alcohol cannot be entirely excluded, especially with respect to liver cancer since deaths from cirrhosis were also increased. The excess deaths from leukemia could have been from exposure to benzene mixed with other organic solvents, while that from lung cancer may be from exposure to particles containing lead chromate and to asbestos in the paint trade. The high risks of cirrhosis and liver cancer need to be examined further as to possible interactions between organic solvents and alcohol.
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PMID:A meta-analysis of painting exposure and cancer mortality. 982 76

Monoterpenes are nonnutritive dietary components found in the essential oils of citrus fruits and other plants. A number of these dietary monoterpenes have antitumor activity. For example, d-limonene, which comprises >90% of orange peel oil, has chemopreventive activity against rodent mammary, skin, liver, lung and forestomach cancers. Similarly, other dietary monoterpenes have chemopreventive activity against rat mammary, lung and forestomach cancers when fed during the initiation phase. In addition, perillyl alcohol has promotion phase chemopreventive activity against rat liver cancer, and geraniol has in vivo antitumor activity against murine leukemia cells. Perillyl alcohol and d-limonene also have chemotherapeutic activity against rodent mammary and pancreatic tumors. As a result, their cancer chemotherapeutic activities are under evaluation in Phase I clinical trials. Several mechanisms of action may account for the antitumor activities of monoterpenes. The blocking chemopreventive effects of limonene and other monoterpenes during the initiation phase of mammary carcinogenesis are likely due to the induction of Phase II carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes, resulting in carcinogen detoxification. The post-initiation phase, tumor suppressive chemopreventive activity of monoterpenes may be due to the induction of apoptosis and/or to inhibition of the post-translational isoprenylation of cell growth-regulating proteins. Chemotherapy of chemically induced mammary tumors with monoterpenes results in tumor redifferentiation concomitant with increased expression of the mannose-6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor II receptor and transforming growth factor beta1. Thus, monoterpenes would appear to act through multiple mechanisms in the chemoprevention and chemotherapy of cancer.
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PMID:Prevention and therapy of cancer by dietary monoterpenes. 1008 88

This is the third of a six-part series on metastatic spread and natural history of 18 common tumors. Part one summarized symptom/problem anticipation, cancer metastasis, and the 18 tumors that each cause more than 6,000 deaths per year in the United States. Bladder and brain cancers were discussed, with information given on tumor types, metastatic spread and invasion, and common symptoms. Part two charted the natural histories, problems, and assessment parameters of advanced breast, colon and rectum (colorectal), and esophageal cancers. Part three presents the natural histories, problems, and assessment parameters of advanced kidney cancer, leukemia, and liver cancer. Each of these cancers is presented separately, with information given on mortality rates, the most common tumor types, sites of metastases, common problems, and common oncologic emergencies. Sites of spread, resulting problems (including site-specific symptoms), and assessment parameters are presented as tables. Material is presented so that clinicians will be able to anticipate the spread of these cancers and can thus identify problems early in their development so that that they are more easily managed.
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PMID:Kidney cancer, leukemia, and liver cancer. Part 3. 1023 25

Dichlorodiphenyltrichlorethane, a halogenated hydrocarbon, was introduced as an insecticide in the 1940s. In her book "Silent Spring", Rachel Carson expressed her concern for the environment, plants, animals, and human health about the potential harmful effects of such chemicals. In 1972, the Environmental Protection Agency banned the chemical in the USA. DDT and its metabolite DDE are lipid soluble compounds that persist in the environment and bioaccumulate in the body in adipose tissue at levels far higher than those in blood and breast milk. This paper evaluates the possibility of cancer occurring in humans from DDT exposure. Some risk of lymphoma, leukemia, pancreatic cancer, and breast cancer was found in humans exposed to DDT. Animal studies showed a significant association between DDT administration and lymphoma, respiratory cancer, liver cancer, and estrogenic effects on mammary tissue. On the basis of on epidemiological principles, human studies were deficient in adequate sample sizes and were not exempt from such confounding factors as multiple chemical exposure, lifestyle factors, genetic, and other environmental influences. Extrapolation of data on DDT toxicity from animals to humans has limitations. With the persistence of DDT and DDE in the environment, the potential risk to the health of man, animals, and the environment remains.
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PMID:Pesticide exposure: human cancers on the horizon. 1037 19

The 150 male patients exposed to Thorotrast who were confirmed by a 1975-1978 national survey with diagnostic X rays of 50,860 war-wounded soldiers were followed up between 1979 and 1998 (Aichi series or second series). Age-adjusted rate ratios of deaths from all causes were 3.0 times higher in Thorotrast patients compared to controls; this was statistically significant. Rate ratios for liver cancer, liver cirrhosis and leukemia were 35.0, 7.5 and 18.2, respectively.
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PMID:Cancer mortality of thorotrast patients in Japan: the second series updated 1998. 1056 42

Updated data from two series in a cancer mortality study for a total of 412 Japanese Thorotrast patients were combined. The rate ratio for all deaths of Thorotrast patients, compared to controls, started to increase after a latent period of 20 years after injection of Thorotrast. Rate ratios for liver cancer, liver cirrhosis, leukemia and lung cancer were 35.9, 6.9, 12.5 and 2.0 times higher, respectively, than those for controls.
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PMID:Summary of entire Japanese thorotrast follow-up study: updated 1998. 1056 43

The Portuguese Thorotrast study cohort consists of a group of patients who received Thorotrast for diagnostic reasons between 1929 and 1956, and a group of similar patients who were given nonradioactive contrast agents. The cohort members were identified from medical records that contained information on reasons for the radiological investigation, type of procedure employed, and name and dose of the contrast medium used. This cohort was assembled in 1961, but its follow-up was interrupted in 1976. We have now reactivated this cohort and extended its follow-up through the end of 1996. Similar methods were used to follow up and ascertain cause of death for the Thorotrast-exposed and unexposed subjects. A total of 1931 patients who received Thorotrast systemically and 2258 unexposed subjects were initially identified from medical records. We were able to successfully follow up 58.6% (1131) of the Thorotrast patients and 45.7% (1032) of the unexposed patients. By the end of 1996, 92.2% of the Thorotrast patients and 75.2% of the unexposed patients were dead. Mortality from all causes was increased in the Thorotrast patients compared to those who were not exposed. This excess in mortality increased with time since exposure, peaking 30 years after administration of Thorotrast. The rise in overall mortality was essentially due to neoplasms [relative risk (RR) adjusted for sex, age and period = 6.04, 95% CI = 4.42-8.26], nonmalignant liver disorders (RR = 5.67, 95% CI 3.13-10.3) and nonmalignant hematological conditions (RR = 14.2, 95% CI = 2.54-79.3). The increase in mortality from neoplasms was explained mainly by increases in the risk of liver cancer (RR = 70.8, 95% CI = 19.9-251.3) and, to a much lesser extent, leukemia (RR = 15.2, 95% CI = 1. 28-181.7).
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PMID:Mortality in the Portuguese thorotrast study. 1056 44

Vinyl chloride (VC) is both a known carcinogen and a regulated chemical, and its production capacity has almost doubled over the last 20 years, currently 27 million tons/year worldwide. According to recent reports it is still a cause for concern. VC has been found as a degradation product of chloroethylene solvents (perchloroethylene and trichloroethylene) and in landfill gas and groundwater at concentrations up to 200 mg/m(3) and 10 mg/L, respectively. Worldwide occupational exposure to VC still seems to be high in some countries (e.g., averages of approximately 1,300 mg/m(3) until 1987 in one factory), and exposure may also be high in others where VC is not regulated. By combining the most relevant epidemiologic studies from several countries, we observed a 5-fold excess of liver cancer, primarily because of a 45-fold excess risk from angiosarcoma of the liver (ASL). The number of ASL cases reported up to the end of 1998 was 197 worldwide. The average latency for ASL is 22 years. Some studies show a small excess risk for hepatocellular carcinoma, and others suggest a possible risk of brain tumors among highly exposed workers. Lung cancer, lymphomas, or leukemia do not seem to be related to VC exposure according to recent results. The mutation spectra observed in rat and human liver tumors (ASL and/or hepatocellular carcinoma) that are associated with exposure to VC are clearly distinct from those observed in sporadic liver tumors or hepatic tumors that are associated with other exposures. In rats, the substitution mutations found at A:T base pairs in the ras and p53 genes are consistent with the promutagenic properties of the DNA adduct 1,N(6)-ethenoadenine formed from VC metabolites. Risk assessments derived from animal studies seem to overestimate the actual risk of cancer when comparing estimated and reported cases of ASL.
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PMID:Vinyl chloride: still a cause for concern. 1090 93


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