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Query: UMLS:C0023418 (leukemia)
 93,477 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

There have been a series of reports on the association of a genetic polymorphism at the cytochrome P450 CYP2D6 gene locus with cancer susceptibility. Many of these reports have remained contradictory either because of small numbers of patients studied or because of the limitations and controversy surrounding the pharmacokinetic assay used to identify affected individuals (poor metabolizers; PMs). We have recently developed a DNA-based assay that will allow the unequivocal identification of poor metabolizers and have applied this to the study of 1635 patients with different forms of cancer. Out of 361 lung cancer patients studied no statistically significant change in the proportion of PMs relative to controls was found. However, a significant increase in the proportion of poor metabolizers or heterozygotes was seen in leukaemia, bladder cancer and melanoma patients. This could be explained by a role for CYP2D6 in carcinogen detoxification or by linkage to another cancer-causing gene.
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PMID:Relationship between the debrisoquine hydroxylase polymorphism and cancer susceptibility. 160 Jun 8

The findings of the studies summarized in this report provide some understanding of the possible role of dosimetry in the different response of the rats and mice to benzene in the long-term bioassay studies. The more sensitive species, the mice, definitely has a higher capacity to metabolize benzene and to metabolize it to more of the putative toxic metabolites than do rats. A major finding of these studies is that in three different animal species, from mice to monkeys, the metabolic pathways leading to production of the putative toxic metabolites appear to be low-capacity, high-affinity pathways that are saturated at relatively low-exposure concentrations. This does not prove, but suggests, that the same may be true in humans. If the total formation of the putative toxic metabolites is predictive of the toxicity of benzene, then the animal studies suggest that calculations of the risk associated with low dose exposures based on the results of animal studies conducted at high doses would underestimate the toxicity of benzene. The current report concerns only dosimetry. Another problem in assessing the risk to humans from benzene exposure is the fact that the animal models do not respond to benzene in the same way as humans. The major concern for humans exposed to benzene, based on epidemiology studies, is the risk of developing acute myelogenous leukemia (Rinksy, 1987). The cancers developed by the rodents on the long-term bioassay studies were at other sites (liver, lung, Zymbal's gland, lymph tissue, ovaries, and mammary gland). There is as yet no good animal model for benzene-induced leukemia. However, it has been suggested that benzene may also increase the incidence of Hodgkin's disease, malignant lymphoma, multiple myeloma and lung cancer in humans, although a statistical basis for this is lacking (Askoy, 1985). It is not unreasonable to assume that whatever form of cancer is induced, the induction is most likely through the reactive metabolites produced from benzene. Therefore, the dosimetry of these metabolites is pertinent. Our studies indicate that benzene metabolite dosimetry data obtained in animals provides data relevant to the estimation of human risks.
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PMID:Benzene dosimetry in experimental animals: relevance for risk assessment. 162 Jul 20

Metastatic leptomeningeal disease occurs in 5-30% of patients with breast or lung cancer, malignant melanoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, leukemia and primary malignant brain tumors. Intrathecal chemotherapy with methotrexate, cytarabine, or thiotepa combined with irradiation of the site of major involvement increases overall median survival from 1-2 months to 2-7 months. Clinical outcome is limited by progression of systemic or CNS disease and by the neurotoxic side effects of therapy, i.e. leukoencephalopathy. New immunotherapeutic strategies of intrathecal treatment may be effective and less toxic, but are not yet sufficiently defined and available. This review covers the current diagnostic and therapeutic features of metastatic leptomeningeal disease. Pragmatic therapeutic recommendations, based on available clinical knowledge are given with special consideration of the side effects of therapy.
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PMID:[Diagnosis and therapy of meningosis neoplastica]. 163 13

Between July 2, 1987, and August 21, 1987, Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) conducted a phase II evaluation of carboplatin (CBDCA) and vinblastine (VBL) in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Of the 58 patients who entered the study, 55 were eligible and produced follow-up data. Chemotherapy, which was carried out in 28-day cycles, consisted of 4 mg/m2 VBL given on days 1 and 3 and 125 mg/m2 CBDCA given on days 1-3. Partial responses were observed in 10 cases (18%), and 1 patient (2%) exhibited regression of evaluable disease. No complete responses were achieved. The overall objective response rate was 20%. The median survival was 6.1 months, and the median time to treatment failure was 3.3 months. Life-threatening (grade 4) toxicity was mainly leukopenia (20%), followed by anemia (7%), infection (4%), thrombocytopenia (2%), fever (2%), nausea and vomiting (2%), and weight loss (2%). There were two deaths due to infection. The results of this study demonstrate that the combination CBDCA/VBL is active in advanced NSCLC; however, whether this combination is more active than either CBDCA or VBL alone is unknown.
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PMID:Carboplatin and vinblastine in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a phase II study. 166 Mar 54

We report 10 autopsy cases of necrotizing tubulointerstitial nephritis induced by adenovirus (ADV). Hemorrhagic, necrotizing tubulitis with intranuclear inclusion bodies was observed in the kidneys of five bone marrow transplant recipients and five patients treated with intensive chemotherapy for malignancies (four cases of leukemia and one case of lung cancer). It was histopathologically demonstrated that necrobiotic tubular cells had inclusion-bearing cells of three types: "smudge cells," Cowdry A intranuclear inclusion cells, and full-type intranuclear-containing cells. Immunofluorescent examination with anti-ADV antibody demonstrated specific fluorescence on the affected tubular cells of all 10 kidneys. Specific antigens for ADV type 11 were also revealed in all but one case by an immunofluorescent test using type-specific antiserum and convalescent serum containing high titer antibody to this serotype. Electron microscopy revealed intranuclear crystalline arrays of viral particles, 75 to 80 nm in diameter, in each of the seven cases examined. Extrarenal involvement, indicated by ADV-induced cytopathologic change, was confined to bladder or prostate. Hemorrhagic cystitis was recorded in all the bone marrow transplant cases as well as in one leukemia case. Adenovirus type 11 was isolated from urine in all five cases tested during these episodes. Renal failure was ascribed to ADV infection in two of five patients who died from renal dysfunction. The presence of hemorrhagic cystitis and localization of invasive infection in urogenital organs suggested that renal infection might occur by ascending route from the bladder. We propose that ADV should be added as a viral agent to the pathogenetic list of tubulointerstitial nephritis.
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PMID:Necrotizing tubulointerstitial nephritis associated with adenovirus infection. 166 Aug 51

This study is to calculate a risk of lung cancer in a cohort of 1411 sarcoidosis cases which were followed for a 3 year period from 1984 to 1987. The physicians were requested to answer the questionnaire about progress of the disease by mail. Excess death was investigated using standardized mortality ratio (SMR). The expected number of deaths was calculated from Japanese sex-age specific mortality rate in 1985, using person-year method. Death from all causes and cancers did not show any excess. SMR being 0.98 and 0.97 respectively. The SMR of lung cancer was 3.26 (male: 5.56, female: 3.03), being statistically significant. The SMR of lung infection was 4.2, with statistical significance. The SMR of other main causes of death in Japan i.e., cerebrovascular accident, ischemic heart diseases and heart failure was less than 0.88. It is probably that sarcoidosis is a risk factor of lung cancer. The SMR of leukemia and uterine cancer was 5.88 and 8.70, respectively, though the observed number of leukemia was too small to conclude how high the cancer risk is among sarcoidosis patients. Gastric cancer, hepatic cancer and colon cancers were not observed.
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PMID:Excess death of lung cancer among sarcoidosis patients. 166 41

Efforts to diminish the overall morbidity and mortality of malignancy have required a variety of strategies and a balanced national research agenda. The design of curative regimens against leukemia, lymphomas, testis cancer, and childhood malignancies is a tribute to the interactions between laboratory and clinical scientists. Laboratory models illustrated the importance of dose and the need for combinations to avoid the emergence of drug resistance in heterogeneous tumors. In addressing the incurability of common epithelial cancers in adults once disseminated, again laboratory models suggested that regimens which produced responses in advanced disease might be curative in patients with micro-metastases. Such proved to be the case in adjuvant therapy for breast cancer involving lymph nodes and for osteogenic sarcoma. Recent studies have extended this strategy to less advanced breast cancer and to locally advanced colon cancer. Lung cancer has required a different strategy. A coalition has developed to support the strongest possible public position against smoking. For the first time lung cancer incidence has leveled off in white males. Women and minorities continue to be a major target for smoking cessation programs. While large randomized trials are expensive (and to some scientists, unexciting), they are our most reliable means of detecting treatment differences of 10 to 15%. Because lung, breast, and colon cancer kill almost 250,000 Americans each year, such "small" differences represent thousands of Americans. There are also a number of interesting current studies that may impact in the longer term on the care of patients with cancer. Research of three different groups of investigators has recently converged. Over the past 3 decades several groups of basic laboratory investigators had been studying and cloning hematopoietic growth factors. Large randomized trials now confirm that myelosuppression after intensive chemotherapy can be substantially ameliorated, reducing infections and decreasing hospital days, risks, and costs. Another cohort of clinical pharmacologists and clinicians were studying bone marrow transplantation, developing combinations of agents that can be given at high dose to overcome resistance, albeit with considerable toxicity. Other groups in blood banks and those interested in the regulation of hematopoiesis recognized that early hematopoietic progenitor cells circulate in the peripheral blood. Their number were increased after certain chemotherapy regimens, by growth factors and most remarkably, with growth factors given after chemotherapy. Patients supported with peripheral blood progenitor cells reengraft both platelets and granulocytes more rapidly than those given marrow, in the time frame of recovery after standard doses of chemotherapy (i.e., 21 days).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:New developments in clinical oncology: the interdependence of bench and bedside. 167 75

The rubber industry, acknowledged by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) to be a cancer risk technology is, because of difficulty in identifying causal factors, the subject of intensive epidemiological studies in many countries. In the presented study, cancer risk in the rubber industry was evaluated on the basis of long-term observation (1945-1985) of a cohort of 6978 male workers employed in a rubber goods factory, predominantly engaged in producing rubber footwear. The reference group was the general male population of Poland. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs), calculated by means of the person-years method, were used in the evaluation of death risk. The observation of a whole cohort indicated an excess of cancer, in general (approx 12%), lung cancer (approx 40%) and gallbladder cancer (approx fourfold). In the subcohorts, distinguished according to peculiarities of individual production sections, cancer risk of the large intestine and larynx was significantly increased. The highest cancer risk was found in compounding, mixing, milling and vulcanizing sections. Hence, beta-naphthylamine, benzidine and solvents (benzene) were used in technological processes in the past, bladder cancer and leukemia were considered as most specific for the rubber industry. In the cohort observed, the risk of death from bladder cancer was significantly increased only in those who had been employed during the years 1945-1953, namely during the period when beta-naphthylamine was in use. No excess of deaths from leukemia was observed.
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PMID:Cancer mortality among male workers in the Polish rubber industry. 179 40

The present paper analysed people in eleven cities making up one sixth of Jiangsu population. In 1984-1986 the mortality of malignant neoplasm was 163.28/10(5), (Chinese standard mortality were 116.57/10(5), the world standard mortality were 177.75/10(5)) which accounts for 25.04% of the total mortality during the same time. The trends of deaths from neoplasms show that oesophageal cancer in both sexes and leukemia in male are gradually decreasing, lung cancer in male and hepatoma in female are gradually increasing. The rank correlation analysis between chinese standard mortalities of some major malignant neoplasms indicates that the stomach cancer was positive correlated with oesophageal cancer in both sexes, the oesophageal cancer in male and the stomach cancer in female were negative correlated with lung cancer, and the breast cancer was negative correlated with oesophageal cancer in female. All this suggests that there may be likely etiologic association between these malignant neoplasms.
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PMID:[The mortality of patients with malignant tumors in eleven cities of Jiangsu Province, 1984-1986]. 186 49

This paper reports incidence of cancer in employees of the Australian petroleum industry from 1981 to 1989. Two surveys by personal interview incorporated more than 15,000 employees, representing 92% of the eligible population. Subjects were included in the analysis after completing five years of service in the industry. At the time of this report the cohort did not include sufficiently large numbers of women for useful analysis; results presented are restricted to the men. On 31 December 1989, 50,254 person-years of observation had accumulated in the men with 152 incident cancers reported. The standardised incidence ratio (SIR) analysis showed overall cancer rates close to those of the national population. Whereas deficits were seen in some cancer sites, notably lung cancer (SIR 0.5, 95% confidence internal (95% CI) 0.3-0.9), incidence rates for some other cancer sites suggested increased risk. An excess of observed over expected cases was present in all subcategories of lymphohaematopoietic cancer except Hodgkin's disease (no cases), and was most apparent in myeloid leukaemia (SIR 4.0, 95% CI 1.6-8.2). The other major site with a raised number of cases observed over expected was melanoma (SIR 1.4, 95% CI 0.8-2.1).
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PMID:A prospective study in the Australian petroleum industry. II. Incidence of cancer. 187 7


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