Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0023418 (leukemia)
 93,477 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Marrow transplantation is effective treatment for a number of haematological diseases in patients under the age of 50 who have an HLA-identical sibling donor. It is generally successful when used early in the treatment of aplastic anaemia. It is the only treatment that offers long-term disease-free survival for patients with acute leukaemia who have relapsed at least once, with 10-30 per cent apparent cures. Although still somewhat controversial, it appears also to be the treatment of choice for patients with acute non-lymphoblastic leukaemia in first chemotherapy induced remission and for those with chronic myelogenous leukaemia in the chronic phase since approximately 50-60 per cent of these patients are surviving after marrow transplantation in complete remission, apparently cured. Marrow grafting is the only effective treatment for many patients with inherited immunological-deficiency diseases and certain genetic storage diseases. It is being explored for the therapy of patients with lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, multiple myeloma, small-cell lung cancer, testicular cancer, ovarian cancer and genetic disorders of haematopoiesis. Cures of congenital Fanconi anaemia, Blackfan-Diamond anaemia, osteopetrosis, and paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria have been achieved by marrow grafting. Genetic disorders associated with haemolytic anaemia and cyclic neutropenia have been cured by marrow grafting in animals. Target disorders for marrow transplantation in humans are thalassaemia major and sickle cell disease, and, indeed, a first successful transplant for treatment of thalassaemia major has recently been described (Thomas et al, 1982). Marrow transplantation has been limited by the fact that many patients do not have HLA-identical siblings and very few have monozygotic twins. The Seattle team has now explored the use of less well-matched family member donors in more than 80 patients with leukaemia. These donors share one HLA haplotype genetically with the patient and are phenotypically identical at two of the three major HLA loci on the other HLA haplotype (Clift et al, 1979). Overall, the post-transplant survival appears more a reflection of the type and stage of the leukaemia than of the marrow donor. Patients with leukaemia grafted in relapse have a projected survival of 20-30 per cent and those transplanted in remission of 50 per cent. The incidence and severity of GVHD may not be significantly different from that of patients given HLA-identical sibling marrow grafts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Application of bone marrow transplantation in leukaemia and aplastic anaemia. 635 79

A review was made on 1,437 cases of testicular malignancies reported in the Annual of the Pathological Autopsy Cases in Japan between 1967 and 1976. They were 417 cases of germinal testicular cancer and 1,027 cases of secondary tumors, the ratio between the two being 1:2.46. The primary disease of 966 cases of secondary tumors was known: It was leukemia in 541 cases (56%), cancer in 188 cases (19.4%) and lymphosarcoma in 184 cases (19.0%), in decreasing order of frequency. The histological classification of the 410 germinal cell carcinoma given clear description was type I, II, III, IV and V according to Dixon and Moore's classification in 34.4%, 38.5%, 3.7%, 10.2% and 13.2%, respectively. There were 369 cases consisting of only one histological type, which was seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, teratoma, teratocarcinoma and choriocarcinoma in 38.2%, 39.0%, 3.8% 10.0% and 9.0% of these cases, respectively. The pattern of metastasis was analyzed for these 369 cases. There was no significant difference in the pattern of lymph node metastasis between the 5 groups, but there was a slight difference between seminoma and embryonal carcinoma. There was a significant difference in the pattern of distant metastasis between the 5 groups and between choriocarcinoma and seminoma, choriocarcinoma and embryonal carcinoma, and, choriocarcinoma and teratocarcinoma. It is questionable whether the findings at autopsy directly relate to prognosis, but considering from the pattern of metastasis at autopsy, the adult germinal cell testicular tumors can be divided into the three groups: seminoma, choriocarcinoma and embryonal carcinoma + teratocarcinoma + teratoma.
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PMID:[A review of the cases of testicular tumors reported in the Annual of Pathological Autopsy Cases in Japan]. 668 45

There have been many reports of space-time clusters of patients with Hodgkin's disease, childhood leukemia and Burkitt's lymphoma. We present a tight space cluster of 4 men with pathologically confirmed testicular seminomas. None of the men had any known reason to be at increased risk for testicular cancer. They all lived in the same immediate neighborhood for at least 7 years. There were 2 sources of potential carcinogens in the area. It is concluded that testicular cancer may have developed in these men as a result of exposure to environmental carcinogens.
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PMID:A geographic cluster of testicular seminomas. 684 17

Twenty-five men with testicular germ cell tumors were compared by developmental history and past and present psychologic adjustment to 25 men with acute leukemia. The mean age was 30 years for the cancer group and 25 years for the leukemia group. Current and Past Psychopathology Scales (18 scales of prior and 8 of present adjustment) were rated during a semistructured interview. The following differences were found in developmental history: Onset of puberty was 12.4 years for leukemics and 15.1 years for the cancer group (P less than 0.001); cryptorchidism was found in 20% of cancer patients and 4% of leukemia; incidence of opiate drug abuse was 36% in cancer patients and 24% in leukemia patients; psychiatric disturbance prior to illness characterized 32% of the cancer group and 12% of the leukemia group. Major psychiatric illness was diagnosed in 20% of the testicular cancer group and 4% of the leukemia group. Findings of delayed puberty and psychiatric disturbance in men with germ cell testicular tumors as compared to leukemics suggest a possible impairment of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The etiology of this impairment is discussed (genetic factors, prenatal endocrine milieu, abnormal luteinizing hormone (LH) receptors, and abnormal interaction between dopaminergic system, LH, and endorphins).
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PMID:A comparative study of psychosexual adjustment in men with testicular cancer and acute leukemia. 734 74

Risk of cancer mortality from 1973 to 1985 in persons born in the Indian subcontinent who migrated to England and Wales was analysed by ethnicity, and compared with cancer mortality in the England and Wales native population, using data from England and Wales death certificates. There were substantial highly significant raised risks in Indian ethnic migrants for cancers of the mouth and pharynx, gall bladder, and liver in each sex, larynx and thyroid in males, and oesophagus in females. There were also substantial raised risks in these migrants of each sex for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and myeloma. For the mouth and pharynx, and liver in each sex, and gall bladder in females, there were also raised risks of lesser magnitude in British ethnic migrants. For colon and rectal cancer and cutaneous melanoma in each sex, ovarian cancer in women and bladder cancer in men, there were appreciable significantly reduced risks in the Indian ethnic migrants not shared by those of British ethnicity. Appreciable raised risks in British ethnic migrants not shared by those of Indian ethnicity occurred for nasopharyngeal cancer in males, soft tissue malignancy in both sexes and non-melanoma skin cancer in males. In migrants of both ethnicities there were appreciable significantly raised risks in each sex for leukaemia and decreased risks in each sex for gastric cancer, for lung cancer except in females of British ethnicity and in males for testicular cancer. The results suggest the need for public health measures to combat the high risks of oral and pharyngeal cancers and liver cancer in the Indian ethnic immigrant population of England and Wales, by prevention of betel quid chewing and hepatitis transmission respectively. The data also imply that early exposures or early acquired behaviours in India, or exposures during migration, may increase the risk of leukaemia and reduce the risks of gastric and testicular cancers in the migrants irrespective of their ethnicity. Aetiological studies would be worthwhile to investigate the reasons for the sizeable decreased risk of colon and rectal cancer and increased risk of gall bladder cancer in each sex and the increased risk of thyroid and laryngeal cancer in males and oesophageal cancer in females of Indian ethnicity but not of British ethnicity who have migrated from the Indian subcontinent.
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PMID:Cancer mortality in Indian and British ethnic immigrants from the Indian subcontinent to England and Wales. 757 89

Many case reports have suggested an association between Klinefelter syndrome (KS) and cancer, but studies of the cancer incidence in larger groups of men with KS are lacking. A cohort of 696 men with KS was established from the Danish Cytogenetic Register. Information on the cancer incidence in the cohort was obtained from the Danish Cancer Registry and compared with the expected number calculated from the age, period and site specific cancer rates for Danish men. A total of 39 neoplasms were diagnosed (relative risk = 1.1). Four mediastinal tumours were observed (relative risk = 67); all four were malignant germ cell tumours. No cases of breast cancer or testis cancer were observed. One case of prostate cancer occurred within a previously irradiated field. No excess of leukaemia or lymphoma was found. An increased risk of cancer occurred in the age group 15-30 years (relative risk = 2.7). All six tumours in this group were germ cell tumours or sarcomas. The overall cancer incidence is not increased and no routine cancer screening seems to be justified. A considerably elevated risk of mediastinal germ cell tumours occurs in the period from early adolescence until the age of 30.
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PMID:Cancer incidence in men with Klinefelter syndrome. 784 Oct 64

We previously reported a strong positive association between vasectomy and the risk of prostatic cancer that arose in multiple comparisons made within data collected from 1976 to 1988 in an ongoing hospital-based surveillance study of many exposures and diseases. We have reassessed this association with data collected in the surveillance study during 1988-1992 from a new set of patients (355 cases of prostatic cancer and 2,048 controls with nonmalignant conditions). Because some studies have reported increased relative risks of lung cancer and testicular cancer in vasectomized men, we also used the surveillance database (4,126 men with various cancers, 7,027 men with nonmalignant conditions) to assess the relation of vasectomy to the risk of these and other cancers. In the newly collected data, the multivariate relative risk estimate for prostatic cancer in vasectomized men was 1.2 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.6-2.7). For lung cancer and testicular cancer, the relative risk estimates were 1.3 (95% CI 0.8-2.1) and 0.8 (95% CI 0.4-1.9), respectively; for lung cancer occurring > or = 15 years after vasectomy, the relative risk estimate was 1.9 but it was not statistically significant (95% CI 0.7-5.0). For pancreatic cancer, the relative risk estimate was 1.8 (95% CI 1.0-3.1). For each of the other cancers considered--malignant melanoma, large bowel cancer, bladder cancer, kidney cancer, lymphoma, leukemia, and other cancers--the relative risk estimate was 1.3 or less and compatible with a value of 1.0. The present data provide little support for an association of vasectomy with the risk of prostatic cancer or other cancers. In addition, the data from two sets of cases of prostatic cancer and controls interviewed consecutively illustrate that increased relative risks detected in screening for statistically significant associations may tend to have an upward bias and to be lower in subsequent data.
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PMID:The relation of vasectomy to the risk of cancer. 806 35

There are several reports suggesting that there is a higher incidence of leukemia and testicular cancer in patients with Down syndrome. Fifteen patients with Down syndrome and testicular cancer were previously reported. The median age at diagnosis of testicular cancer was 18 years, (range: 3-45). The histologic subtypes were seminoma in 9 patients, not specified in 2 patients, and 1 patient each of adenocarcinoma, yolk sac, embryonal, and teratocarcinoma. In this article we describe a case of extragonadal choriocarcinoma in a patient with Down syndrome. To our knowledge, this is the first case ever reported. The patient had a complete remission following chemotherapy with cisplatin, etoposide, and bleomycin and is disease-free with a follow-up of 32 months. Patients with Down syndrome and advanced testicular cancer should be treated with potentially curative chemotherapy.
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PMID:Extragonadal choriocarcinoma in a patient with Down syndrome. 809 21

From the records of the Thames Cancer Registry, 859 patients were identified, who were treated with radiotherapy for seminoma of the testis between 1961 and 1985. Second cancer incidence and mortality and also causes of non-cancer deaths in the study population were examined. Fifty-one (6%) patients died of testicular cancer, 42 within 5 years of diagnosis. There were 42 second cancers (other than second testicular cancers), and 20 deaths from second cancer (expected, 22.1--non-significant). The only subtype of cancer with a notable excess was leukaemia (4 incident cases observed; 0.64 expected; relative risk 6.2, 95% C.I., 2.7-14.8, 95% C.I., 2.7-14.7). The overall death rate from causes other than testicular cancer was not elevated (82 observed, 82.06 expected). There was some suggestion of an increase in the risk of mortality with time; for 10 or more years after treatment the relative risk was 1.31 (95% C.I., 0.95-1.81). There was no evidence of excess non-cancer deaths (62 observed, 60 expected). We conclude that there is no definite evidence from this investigation of increased risk of mortality secondary to radiotherapy; however, the excess incidence of leukaemia may be treatment-related and the cohort will be followed further.
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PMID:Mortality and cancer incidence following radiotherapy for seminoma of the testis. 820 1

The incidence of second primary cancers was investigated in 6187 Danish men diagnosed with testicular cancer in the period 1943-1987. During the course of 59,000 person years, 459 subsequent primary cancers occurred. The relative risks were significantly increased for leukaemia, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer, non-melanoma skin cancer and kidney cancer. Increased incidence was furthermore suggested for cancer of the rectum, prostate and lung. The increased incidence of leukaemia appeared in the first 10 years after testicular cancer diagnosis. The excess incidence for gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, rectal cancer and lung cancer was strongest 10-19 years after testicular cancer, while the relative risk of non-melanoma skin cancer and prostate cancer increased throughout the period of follow-up. The increased incidence of cancer in this cohort is most likely an effect of radiotherapy used for testicular cancer. It is proposed that the different incidence patterns over time after testicular cancer diagnosis reflect differences in the growth rate of tumours originating in different tissues.
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PMID:Incidence of second primary cancer following testicular cancer. 847 24


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