Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0023418 (leukemia)
 93,477 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The trophoblast, an epithelial cell of fetal origin that forms the physical barrier between the mother and developing conceptus, becomes a component of the host immune system during pregnancy. Of the classical immune cells, it most closely resembles the macrophage, also present in high numbers in the pregnant uterus. The macrophage and trophoblast, as cell classes, share characteristics such as phagocytosis, syncytialization, invasiveness, expression of the proteins CD4, CD14, IgG receptor (FcR), non-specific esterase, granulocyte macrophage-CSF (GM-CSF), colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor (TNF-alpha), transforming growth factors (TGF), platelet-alpha derived growth factor (PDGF) and receptors for these cytokines. In the uterus both cell types appear regulated by a common element, the uterine epithelium, that secretes cytokines such as CSF-1, GM-CSF, TNF alpha, TGF beta, IL-6, and leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) that target both macrophages and trophoblasts. The common characteristics and regulation that make teleological sense in terms of co-ordinating local uterine immunity during pregnancy may also be important in transmission of congenital diseases such as AIDS. The production by the uterine epithelium of a number of cytokines previously only associated with mononuclear phagocyte production and function predicts the existence of a similar, but broader, shared cytokine network encompassing trophoblast and the principal immune regulatory cell, the T lymphocyte.
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PMID:The trophoblast as an integral component of a macrophage-cytokine network. 843 11

In further analyses of a cohort of 39,718 United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority employees after 7 more years follow-up, cancer mortality, based on 1,506 deaths in 1946-86, was 20% below the national average. Prostatic cancer mortality showed a statistically significant association with external radiation exposure, largely confined to men who were also monitored for internal contamination by radionuclides other than plutonium. Prostatic cancer mortality was highest in radiation workers at Winfrith. In women monitored for radiation exposure, mortality from cancer of the uterus (including the cervix uteri) was increased relative to other employees, and, showed a statistically significant association with external radiation exposure. While there were some other statistically significant results, as would be expected by chance alone when multiple comparisons are made, there were no other cancer sites with consistently exceptional findings. Point estimates for risk associated with increasing exposure to radiation suggest a decrease of four deaths per 10(4) person-years per Sv for leukaemia and an increase of 20 deaths for all cancers except leukaemia, but confidence intervals indicate that a wide range of values are compatible with the data. Cancer morbidity based on 1,699 registrations in 1971-84 was 12% below the national average. Findings from site-specific analyses largely replicated those of the mortality analyses.
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PMID:Cancer mortality and morbidity in employees of the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, 1946-86. 843 13

Using information from 1980 through 1991 Cancer Statistics, published by the American Cancer Society, we assigned a rank order of new cancer cases for Georgia and eight other states. Female breast, colon and rectum, lung, oral, uterus, prostate, pancreas, and leukemia are the site-specific cancers that were considered. There was an increasing trend in Georgia for colon and rectal cancer and breast cancer during this study period. This increased trend for colorectal and breast cancer in Georgia was not apparent in the other index states. Possible influences of population, physician practices, and socioeconomic factors are considered. The results of this project indicate that further study is needed to evaluate this trend, possibly by examination of regional differences within the state of Georgia, especially with regard to environmental factors.
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PMID:Cancer trends unique to Georgia. 846 58

Factors that predispose to infection in general, of course, may predispose to infection with anaerobes. Included in this category are diabetes mellitus, neutropenia, hypogammaglobulinaemia, malignancy, splenectomy, collagen vascular disease, cytotoxic drug therapy, corticosteroid therapy and other immunosuppression. However, even with these situations there may be certain, more specific, associations: anaerobic cholecystitis and anaerobic osteomyelitis in diabetics, neutropenic colitis, and the increased incidence of local anaerobic infections associated with carcinoma of the lung, colon and uterus. Conditions that lead to decreased redox potential more specifically predispose to infection with anaerobes. Included in this category are obstruction and stasis, tissue anoxia, tissue destruction, vascular insufficiency, prior aerobic infection, burns, foreign body implantation, and calcium salts in a wound (in association with fractures). Other specific clinical situations that predispose to anaerobic infections include leukaemia; oral, gastrointestinal, and female pelvic surgery; trauma at other sites; childbirth; aspiration pneumonia; human and animal bites; and therapy with agents with poor activity against anaerobes (e.g. aminoglycosides, quinolones). AIDS patients appear to be predisposed to severe periodontal disease and its complications.
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PMID:Host factors predisposing to anaerobic infections. 851 53

Leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a cytokine that displays multiple activities in various tissues and is essential for blastocyst implantation in mice. In the human uterus, LIF is expressed in endometrial tissue and the decidua. To elucidate the role it plays, the mRNA levels for two LIF receptor (R) subunits, LIF-R and gp130, were examined in human endometrium, placenta and decidua by Northern blot hybridization. The expression of LIF-R gene was detected in the chorionic villus during the first trimester, in term placenta, and at lower levels in the decidua. The expression of LIF-R gene was not detectable in non-pregnant endometrium. The expression of the gp130 gene was detected in all tissues examined. During pregnancy, there was no significant change in the mRNA concentration of LIF-R in the placenta, while that of gp130 increased after the second trimester. The human choriocarcinoma cell line, BeWo, was found to express LIF-R and gp130. LIF inhibited forskolin-induced human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG)-beta production by BeWo in a dose-dependent manner, and it ameliorated forskolin-induced growth suppression. These findings suggest that LIF plays a regulatory role in trophoblast growth and differentiation during pregnancy in human placenta.
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PMID:Expression of leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) receptor in human placenta: a possible role for LIF in the growth and differentiation of trophoblasts. 858 9

Both genetic and environmental factors are known to play an important role in the development of cancer. To determine whether, among individuals who develop cancers, some may have been more susceptible to the mutagenic effects of environmental agents, skin biopsies were taken from 79 cancer patients with different common types of cancers (e.g., lung, breast, bladder, colon, cervix, ovary, brain, vocal cord, uterus, skin, testis, stomach, basal cell carcinoma, leukemia, etc.). Fibroblast cultures have been established from skin explants from nearly all of the patients. The sensitivity of some of these cells as well as a number of other fibroblast strains established from "clinically normal" individuals to a battery of mutagenic agents (e.g., ethylmethane sulfonate, methylmethane sulfonate, ethidium bromide, actinomycin D, mitomycin C, bleomycin, camptothecin), which induce different kinds of DNA damage was examined. For the control group of fibroblasts, a normal range of toxicity for all of the above agents have been established. In contrast to other mutagens for which sensitivity of all of the control cell strains lay within a narrow range, large and interesting differences in sensitivity were observed for ethidium bromide. The fibroblast strains established from fetal tissue were found to be highly resistant to ethidium bromide, whereas fibroblasts from two clinically normal persons exhibited greatly enhanced sensitivity to this agent. The genetic or biochemical basis of increased sensitivity or resistance to ethidium bromide remains to be determined. The sensitivity of cells from 28 cancer patients to a number of the mutagenic agents was also examined. Most of these strains exhibited normal range of sensitivity to the mutagens; however, a few showed small but noticeable differences in sensitivity to specific agents. The fibroblast strains from cancer patients provide a useful resource to examine the genetic and metabolic factors that may be important determinants in cancer susceptibility.
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PMID:Screening for genetic predisposition to mutagens in cancer patients. 870 96

Implantation biology is now at a stage where experimental science will be very productive in answering basic questions about the ability of an embryo to implant. The advancement of our knowledge of cytokines and growth factors has been critically important in fuelling the recent new understanding of embryo implantation. Specifically, our increased knowledge of the interleukin (IL)-1 system, as well as leukaemia-inhibiting factor (LIF), epidermal growth factor and colony-stimulating factor-1, and the availability of recombinant protein, specific antibodies and knockout mice, have led to a more detailed outline of implantation events. LIF and IL-1 are the two systems where recent advances have suggested their importance in implantation events. Recently, LIF has been shown in mice to be an endometrial requirement for implantation and embryo development. Although LIF is a pleiotropic molecule, with many interactions in multiple body tissues, in the uterus, concentrations are elevated on day 4 of pregnancy. Experiments with knockout mice have shown the requirement for endometrial LIF for successful implantation. The IL-1 system, consisting of two agonists (IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta), two receptors (IL-1R types I and II) and the homologous IL-1 receptor antagonist (ra), has also been studied. Knowledge that the embryo secretes IL-1 suggested the interaction between embryonic IL-1 and endometrial receptor, which has been shown to occur. IL-1R type I is plentiful on endometrial epithelial cells and appears to interact with embryonically secreted IL-1 beta to favour implantation. Such implantation events in vivo in mice are blocked by the introduction of large quantities of IL-1ra, consistent with the hypothesis that appropriate interactions between agonist and receptor at the level of the endometrial surface are a requisite for successful implantation. As more specific information on each cytokine or growth factor system comes to light, more complete information on the multiple molecular steps of implantation will become apparent. However, it is clear that no single cytokine or growth factor will be able to explain the complicated events of embryo implantation. Such an important necessary phenomenon has multiple redundancies. The interactions between cytokines and growth factors are becoming increasingly apparent and will need more experimental evidence before a full understanding of implantation is available.
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PMID:Role of embryonic factors in human implantation. 874 98

Extramedullary myeloid cell tumors are rare manifestations of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL). While many advances in diagnosis have been made, dilemmas remain concerning the treatment of this disease. In primary extramedullary leukemia (EML) most reports agree upon a local therapy followed by systemic chemotherapy such as is used for ANLL. However, further prophylactic local or systemic therapy with stem cell support remains controversial. A 20-year-old patient was diagnosed as having granulocytic sarcoma (GS) of the uterus without evidence of ANLL in 1991. After resection of the tumor at the uterine cervix and chemotherapy with daunorubicin 50 mg/m2 (days 1-3) and cytosine-arabinoside 200 mg/m2 (days 1-7) in September 1991, complete remission was achieved. In October 1991 cytosine-arabinoside 1000 mg/m2 every 12 h from day 1 to day 6 and amsacrine 200 mg from day 5 to day 7 were given as consolidation. Two years later relapse occurred in the adnexae. After radical hysterectomy, the same induction and consolidation chemotherapy was administrated. Subsequently, cytoxane 60 mg/m2 and fractionated total body irradiation (6 x 200 cGy) were given as conditioning and the previously cryopreserved bone marrow was reinfused. Finally, after hematopoietic engraftment, prophylactic local irradiation (4500 cGy) to the pelvis was given resulting in a disease-free long-term survival of more than 36 months after relapse. Although this experience is confined to one patient, it may contribute to the design of prospective therapeutic studies in patients with primary EML.
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PMID:Successful treatment of primary extramedullary leukemia (EML) of the uterus with radical surgery, chemotherapy, autologous bone marrow transplantation (BMT) and prophylactic local irradiation. 887 38

To clarify whether apoptosis is involved in endometriosis, we obtained eutopic endometrial tissues along with endometriotic tissues from the uterus (adenomyosis) (n = 12) and from the ovary (n = 12) from patients undergoing gynaecological surgery. Apoptosis-induced DNA fragmentation was detected by the TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labelling method, and immunostaining with a monoclonal antibody against the Fas, Le(y) or B-cell leukaemia/lymphoma-2 (bcl-2) was also performed using the same tissue section. Analysis showed that apoptosis was occurring in all the samples of ovarian endometriotic tissue but in only two of the 12 adenomyotic and in five of the 24 eutopic endometrial tissue samples. In none of these cases was apoptosis correlated with phases of the menstrual cycle. The expression of bcl-2 in the eutopic endometrial and adenomyotic tissues was limited to the proliferative phase, and was observed in only one of the 12 cases of ovarian endometriosis. Fas and Ley were expressed randomly across a wide range in both the eutopic and ectopic endometrial tissues. These results suggest that the features of ovarian endometriosis are different from those of adenomyosis and eutopic endometrium in terms of the involvement of apoptosis. In addition, the regulatory mechanism involved in ovarian endometriosis may differ from that in other endometrial cells.
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PMID:Detection of apoptosis in human endometriotic tissues. 923 97

The low-affinity leukaemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIF-R) is a component of cell-surface receptor complexes for the multifunctional cytokines leukaemia inhibitory factor, ciliary neurotrophic factor, oncostatin M and cardiotrophin-1. Both soluble and transmembrane forms of the protein have been described and several LIF-R mRNAs have been reported previously. In order to determine the coding potential of LIF-R mRNAs we have isolated and characterized the mouse LIF-R gene. mRNA encoding soluble LIF-R (sLIF-R) is formed by inclusion of an exon in which polyadenylation signals are provided by a B2 repeat. This exon is located centrally within the LIF-R gene but is excluded from the transmembrane LIF-R mRNA by alternative splicing. The transmembrane receptor is encoded by 19 exons distributed over 38 kb. Two distinct 5' non-coding exons have been identified, indicating the existence of alternative promoters. One of these is G/C rich and possesses a consensus initiator sequence as well as potential Sp1 binding sites. Expression of exon 1 from this promoter occurs in a wide variety of tissues, whereas expression of the alternative 5' untranslated region (exon 1a) is normally restricted to liver, the principal source of sLIF-R. During pregnancy expression of exon 1a becomes detectable also in the uterus. Expression of exon 1a increases dramatically during gestation and is accompanied by a similar quantitative rise in expression of sLIF-R mRNA. These findings establish that expression of LIF-R is under complex transcriptional control and indicate that regulated expression of the soluble cytokine receptor isoform may be due principally to an increase in the activity of a dedicated promoter.
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PMID:Structure of the mouse leukaemia inhibitory factor receptor gene: regulated expression of mRNA encoding a soluble receptor isoform from an alternative 5' untranslated region. 939 34


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