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Query: UMLS:C0023418 (leukemia)
 93,477 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The presence of leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) binding and expression of the gp130 component of the LIF receptor were studied in the rabbit uterus during pregnancy. LIF binding to myometrium was moderate in oestrous and non-oestrous animals and on day 1 of pregnancy, declined on days 2 and 3, and increased to a peak value on days 5 and 6 of pregnancy. Binding to stromal cells was not observed. Binding of LIF to luminal and glandular epithelium was low in unmated animals and on days 1 and 2 of pregnancy. Binding to luminal epithelium increased from day 3, and to glandular epithelium from day 5 of pregnancy. Highest binding was seen on days 5 and 6, with a slight decline observed on day 7, and with little difference between the mesometrial and antimesometrial regions of the implantation site. In all cases, binding of LIF was similar in the uteri of day 6 pseudopregnant and pregnant animals. At all stages, gp130 was absent from stroma and almost absent from myometrium and glandular epithelium. It was expressed in luminal epithelium, reaching maximal expression on day 6 of pregnancy and pseudopregnancy, but diminished on day 7 of pregnancy, particularly in the antimesometrial area of the implantation site. The coexpression of LIF binding and gp130 may indicate the presence of high-affinity LIF receptor, which matches the pattern of LIF protein expression and, as in mice, suggests its importance for implantation.
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PMID:Expression patterns of leukaemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR) and the gp130 receptor component in rabbit uterus during early pregnancy. 761 97

Interactions of the conceptus with the immune system can involve either anti-sperm or anti-conceptus immune responses that limit the success of pregnancy of beneficial effects of cytokines released from lymphoid cells on embryonic growth and gene expression. The immune system is functional in the uterus and therefore there is the potential for anti-conceptus immune responses. However, endometrial lymphocytes are distinct in many respects from lymphoid cells at peripheral sites; one major subpopulation expresses the gamma delta T-cell receptor and may not recognize major histocompatibility antigens. There are also several control systems to limit anti-conceptus immune responses. In particular, expression of major histocompatibility antigens on the trophoblast is either absent or of limited distribution. In addition, activation of anti-conceptus immune responses leading to cytolytic responses is further limited by the presence of molecules that can inhibit lymphocyte transformation. The most well-characterized of these are prostaglandin E2 from placental and endometrial tissues, interferon-tau from the trophoblast during early pregnancy, and two endometrial proteins called the uterine milk proteins (UTMP). Progesterone plays a central role in inhibition of immune responses in actions that are mediated at least in part through endometrial secretion of UTMP. Cytokines play important roles as autocrine and paracrine regulators in many tissues including the reproductive tract. In ruminants, the best described example is interferon-tau. Other cytokines found in the reproductive tract or produced by the conceptus include interleukin-1, leukaemia inhibitory factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor and interleukin-6. It is possible that the major source of cytokines in the reproductive tract is non-lymphoid cells of the endometrium and trophoblast. It is not known to what extent endometrial lymphocytes contribute to the cytokine milieu because no cytokine has been identified as a product of endometrial lymphocytes. However, there is a population of granulated lymphocytes that increase in number and granularity in the luminal epithelium of the late-pregnant ewe that is a potential source of cytokines.
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PMID:Interactions between the immune system and the ruminant conceptus. 762 50

Differentiation inhibiting activity/leukaemia inhibitory factor (DIA/LIF) is a pleiotropic cytokine which has been implicated in a variety of developmental and physiological processes in mammals due to its broad range of biological activities in vitro. A role in very early development is suggested by the requirement for DIA/LIF to support the self-renewal of cultured embryonic stem (ES) cells. Other data point to potential roles in the establishment and maintenance of primordial germ cells, in osteogenesis and in haematopoiesis, and possibly in neuronal specification. DIA/LIF may also act as a mediator of the hepatic acute phase response. In the present study the expression of DIA/LIF transcripts during murine development and in adult mice has been determined using a highly sensitive ribonuclease protection analysis. In contrast to previous reports, it is apparent that DIA/LIF transcripts are present at low levels in many adult mouse tissues. Higher levels of expression are observed in skin, lung, intestine, and uterus. Elevated amounts of mRNA are also found in certain foetal tissue during late gestation and neonatally. In earlier embryogenesis, however, DIA/LIF mRNA is produced primarily in extraembryonic tissues. The alternative transcripts which produce either soluble or matrix-associated DIA/LIF exhibit overlapping but non-identical patterns of expression, consistent with the proposition that the two isoforms may have distinct biological functions. These findings are suggestive of widespread roles for DIA/LIF in vivo and are discussed in the light of available data on the phenotype of homozygous DIA/LIF-deficient mice.
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PMID:Expression of alternative forms of differentiation inhibiting activity (DIA/LIF) during murine embryogenesis and in neonatal and adult tissues. 768 30

This paper reviews the evidence that certain growth factors, particularly leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF), play a crucial role in regulating the development of the pre-implantation mammalian embryo. LIF was originally implicated in regulating the early development of the mouse embryo because it inhibited the differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells, pluripotential cells derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. Subsequent studies on its role in vivo revealed, surprisingly, that it is essential for the growth rather than the differentiation of the blastocyst. In vivo, overtly normal blastocysts can be produced in a LIF-deficient environment that are capable of forming viable fertile adults. However, in the absence of LIF, they fail to implant and enter into a state resembling that exhibited by blastocysts undergoing delayed implantation, which is characterized by a cessation of cell proliferation. This failure to implant occurs because the principle sites of LIF production are the endometrial glands of the uterus. These synthesize and secrete LIF at implantation, with LIF synthesis essential for implantation. Preliminary evidence indicates that LIF synthesis is required both by the uterus for it to undergo decidualization and by the blastocyst for implantation. These data indicate that the maternal environment plays a crucial role in the development and growth of the pre-implantation embryo, by supplying factors that regulate these processes in the embryo.
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PMID:Leukaemia inhibitory factor and the regulation of pre-implantation development of the mammalian embryo. 782 26

The early stage of bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) infection was studied in experimentally infected calves in order to assess the diagnostic applicability of a double polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In addition, the kinetics of infection and virus distribution were evaluated. To simulate the natural route of virus transmission, the calves were infected by transferring two different infectious doses of whole blood from a BLV infected cow. The establishment of infection was determined by the double PCR and syncytia formation assay and by indirect serological methods including indirect ELISA, gp51/p24 ELISA, agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and Western blotting. BLV antibodies were first detected in ELISA on post infection (p.i.) day 26. Close agreement was found between the results of the various indirect methods. BLV infection was first detected in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) by the PCR on p.i. day 7. No animal became seropositive to BLV prior to direct detection of BLV infection by the PCR. At slaughter, urine and saliva specimens as well as various organs were collected from the calves and tested by the double PCR. Several of the organs yielded positive results: e.g. spleen, uterus, liver, kidney, abomasum, and lymph nodes. Nine out of eleven spleen suspensions were positive by the PCR, including the spleen from one calf, which otherwise remained negative in all tests throughout the experiment. This phenomenon indicates that an animal may be infected without detectable levels of BLV proviral DNA in PBLs and without circulating antibodies, further emphasizing the diagnostic importance of the PCR. The findings indicate that the PCR is the most rapid method for the early detection of BLV infection in cattle and a valuable tool for studying the tropism of the virus.
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PMID:Bovine leukaemia virus: rapid detection of proviral DNA by nested PCR in blood and organs of experimentally infected calves. 788 32

To elucidate the role of HTLV-I in human neoplasia, DNA was extracted from tumor tissues, cultured cells, and/or sera from 20 HTLV-I seropositive and from 10 seronegative cancer patients, subjected to PCR-PAGE, and analyzed by Southern hybridization. HTLV-I related sequences were detected in tumors of the seropositives with different types of cancer. In the seronegatives, gag related sequences were detected in some tumors, whereas LTR related sequences were detected in only uterus carcinoma and tax related sequences in none of tumors examined. These sequences were detected in tumor cells as well as lymphoid cells by in situ hybridization. Some of these sequences were also detected in cultured fibroblasts derived from ATL patients. Cultured normal human lymphocytes grew continuously in conditioned media following HTLV-I infection, and transformed on exposure to carcinogens. Chromosome changes in transformed cells appeared clustering to chromosomes abnormalized on HTLV-I infection. The frequency of abnormal chromosomes in lymphocytes was significantly higher in the seropositives and in their family members than in seronegative normal donors. The frequency increased with advancement of host age in the seropositives but not in the seronegatives. These findings indicate that some individuals carry HTLV-I related sequences that may be derepressed by host aging and resulted in increasing genetic instability of host cells rendering them increasingly susceptible to carcinogens.
Leukemia 1994 Apr
PMID:Genetic instability of human cells with DNA related to human retrovirus. 790 10

A total of 409 primary soft-tissue tumors (189 malignant) occurred among 87 of 120 young adult beagles (72.5%) injected with 226Ra in eight dose levels ranging from 0.2-440 kBq kg-1 body mass, while a total of 565 primary soft-tissue tumors (208 of them malignant) were seen among 117 of 133 control beagles not given radioactivity (88%). Because the p-value for the difference in these two percentages was > 0.05, further comparisons were not made of all tumor locations or types taken together but only of the individual tumor locations or types. There was a clear excess of malignant tumors and all tumors (benign plus malignant) in the eye among dogs injected with radium (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, respectively), but the occurrence of all the other types of soft-tissue tumors was not greater in irradiated vs. control dogs (p > 0.05). This was also true for hematopoietic tumor types (including just one leukemia in a control and none in irradiated dogs) in which there was no difference between controls and dogs given radium. The following total tumors (benign plus malignant) occurred in control dogs but not in radium dogs: brain = 3, peritoneum = 1, and pituitary = 4. Malignant tumors other than leukemia appearing in control animals and not among radium dogs were brain = 2, lymph nodes = 1, adrenal = 3, uterus = 1, and pancreas = 5. Tumors that occurred in dogs given radium and not in controls were 3 mast cell sarcomas and 2 tumors of the thymus (1 malignant). Age at first tumor diagnosis for corresponding tumor types did not seem to differ (p > 0.10 or p > 0.05) between radium dogs and controls except for the eye (p < 0.05), with radium dogs being somewhat younger than controls at first diagnosis, at death, or at loss from the colony. Cox regression indicated differences between radium dogs and controls in risk of dying with specific tumors. The following tumors had p values of < 0.05 and risk ratios of > 2.2:eye, mouth (mostly melanomas), and thyroid for malignant tumors and for malignant and benign tumors together. When all sarcomas were considered as a group, there was no difference between controls and radium dogs but there was a difference for all carcinomas taken together, even when mammary tumors and eye tumors were excluded and when eye tumors alone were excluded.
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PMID:Soft-tissue tumors among beagles injected with 226Ra. 810 47

A subcutaneously transplantable tumour (SMT-Y) was established from a smooth muscle tumour arising from the uterus of a female F344 rat. SMT-Y was serially passaged by subcutaneous implantation into syngeneic female rats up to the 15th generation, but transplantation failed in males. The rat with the primary uterine tumour also had mononuclear cell leukaemia (MCL), and MCL cells grew concurrently in implanted rats. At passage five, MCL cells were eliminated from transplants by implanting the central part of an SMT-Y nodule, consisting only of neoplastic smooth muscle cells. SMT-Y at passages six to 15 was examined biologically and morphologically. The primary tumour and SMT-Y tumours consisted mainly of interlacing fascicles of elongated and fusiform neoplastic smooth muscle cells with abundant cytoplasm. Occasional cells showed nuclear atypia. Mitosis counts per 10 high-power microscopic fields in the primary tumour and SMT-Y ranged from 11 to 36. Neoplastic cells reacted positively for desmin, muscle actin and myosin, but not for myoglobin. Electron microscopy revealed cytoplasmic myofilaments with oval dense bodies. These findings suggested a smooth muscle origin of SMT-Y and it was regarded as a leiomyosarcoma by the criteria for human uterine smooth muscle tumours. Despite the malignant histological features, SMT-Y grew slowly into a large nodule, with an average diameter of 5 cm and average weight of 81 g, 24 weeks after transplantation. Neither invasive tumour growth nor metastases were observed in SMT-Y-bearing rats.
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PMID:Biological behaviour and morphological characteristics of a transplantable tumour derived from a uterine smooth muscle tumour in the F344 rat. 810 68

Acid phosphatase (AcP, EC 3.1.3.2) is represented by a number of enzymes that can be differentiated according to structural and immunological properties, tissue distribution, subcellular location and other features; these AcP isoenzymes share similar catalytic activity toward phosphoesters in an acidic medium. Classically, AcPs have been divided into four types according to their sensitivity to tartrate and to their origin: erythrocytic, lysosomal, prostatic AcP, and an AcP enzyme that was first identified in hairy cell leukemia (HCL). This latter AcP was termed isoenzyme 5 (based on its electrophoretic mobility) or human type 5, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP). Differences in various physicochemical properties, lack of amino acid sequence similarity and different chromosomal locations of the respective genes showed that the four AcP isoenzymes are not related. The biochemical properties of TRAP are unique: resistance to inhibition by tartrate, but inhibition by molybdate; glycoprotein of 30-40 kDa occurring as two similar isoforms with different carbohydrate content, each composed of dissimilar subunits of 16 and 23 kDa in disulfide linkage; active at acid pH (optimum at 5-6) with basic pI (8.5-9.0); presence of an iron active site giving the purified protein a purple color. The TRAPs of different human sources (HCL spleen, osteoclastoma, Gaucher's spleen, placenta) have an 85-94% homology in their amino acid sequences. Full-length TRAP cDNAs (1.4 kb) have been cloned from human placenta and Gaucher's spleen. Variations in TRAP structure appear to result from post-translational modifications and not from the existence of a multigene family as only a single TRAP gene and a single mRNA species have been reported. This notion of a single TRAP gene is supported by the substantial sequence homology found among the various TRAPs from human tissues and from animal sources (e.g. bovine spleen and bone; rat spleen, bone and epidermis; pig uterus). The latter enzyme preparations of animal origin have been described for many years as the purple acid phosphatase (PAP). However, the high degree of sequence homology indicated that TRAP and PAP enzymes represent a single entity belonging to the class of metalloproteins. The human TRAP gene was assigned to chromosome 15 and to chromosome 19 by two groups. TRAP protein is localized in lysosomes or similar organelles and is not secreted. The serum level of TRAP was found to be increased during physiological bone growth, in Gaucher's disease, and in malignancies metastasized to bone (resulting from increased osteoclastic activity).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Leukemia 1994 Mar
PMID:Characterization and expression of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) in hematopoietic cells. 812 41

Mortality during 1946-1988 has been analyzed in 75,006 employees of the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, the Atomic Weapons Establishment and the Sellafield plant of British Nuclear Fuels. All-cause mortality was 19% lower than national rates among workers monitored for external radiation exposure and 18% lower among nonmonitored workers. Cancer mortality was also lower than national rates and was similar in the two groups of workers [rate ratio (RR) = 0.96]. Of 29 specific cancer sites examined, only for cancers of the pleura and uterus were there statistically significant excesses of mortality in monitored workers relative to nonmonitored workers [RR = 7.08, two-sided P (2P) = 0.008 and RR = 3.02, 2P = 0.003, respectively]. There was little association between cumulative external radiation and risk of death from all cancers combined 10 or more years after exposure [z for trend = +0.11, one-sided P (1P) = 0.5]. A positive association was observed for leukemia (assuming a 2-year lag between external radiation and increasing risk of death) (1P = 0.009) but not for other cancers associated with external radiation in previous analyses (lung, uterus, prostate and multiple myeloma, all 1P > or = 0.1). Positive associations (1P < or = 0.05) were also observed for melanoma and other skin cancers (1P = 0.03) and ill-defined and secondary cancers (1P = 0.04), but these results are difficult to interpret and, given the number of associations examined, may be chance findings. Estimates of excess relative risk per sievert were -0.02 (95% CI = -0.5-+0.6) for all cancers except leukemia and +4.18 for leukemia (95% CI = +0.4-+13.4). The positive estimates for leukemia contrast with negative values found for workers in the United States, although the confidence intervals obtained in the two studies overlap. While our estimates of risk are compatible with those derived from studies of A-bomb survivors, the statistical uncertainty associated with them is such that the data are consistent with risks ranging from no additional risk to twice the risk for cancers other than leukemia and, for leukemia, from one-fifth to three times the risk in A-bomb survivors.
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PMID:Combined analysis of mortality in three United Kingdom nuclear industry workforces, 1946-1988. 818 92


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