Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0023418 (leukemia)
 93,477 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A cDNA representing a 5.2-kb defective, endogenous murine leukemia proviral sequence (EPI-EPS) was isolated from a C57BL/6 mouse cDNA epididymal library. Northern blot analysis demonstrated that EPI-EPS was predominantly expressed in the C57BL/6 mouse epididymis and vas deferens with 10-fold lower expression in the seminal vesicle, kidney, and submandibular gland. Analysis of tissues from other inbred strains of mice as well as the wild mouse, Mus musculus musculus, showed a similar pattern of tissue expression. EPI-EPS expression was also highly androgen regulated in both the reproductive and nonreproductive tissues of the C57BL/6 strain. However, a differential response to testosterone replacement was observed between tissues. Expression of EPI-EPS mRNA in the epididymis and vas deferens exhibited only a partial recovery to precastration levels after testosterone replacement; in the kidney and submandibular gland there was a complete recovery of EPI-EPS expression. Finally, EPI-EPS expression was also highly restricted in the female tissues, with expression limited to the oviduct and uterus. EPI-EPS, however, was not estrogen regulated in the female. These results suggest that a proviral sequence, EPI-EPS, is expressed in M. m. musculus and several inbred strains of mice due to its integration near a highly tissue-specific and androgen-regulated genetic locus.
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PMID:Expression of an endogenous murine leukemia virus-related proviral sequence is androgen regulated and primarily restricted to the epididymis/vas deferens and oviduct/uterus. 132 10

Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is one of a number of lympho-haemapoietic cytokines, including CSF-1, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) now known to be synthesized by epithelial cells in the murine uterus. GM-CSF synthesis is regulated primarily by the ovarian steroid hormone oestrogen, but is also subject to modulation by factors including a seminal component of seminal vesicle origin which stimulates a 20-fold increase in luminal fluid content at mating, and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the T-lymphocyte and natural killer (NK) cell product interferon-gamma (IFN gamma). In the non-pregnant mouse GM-CSF synthesis peaks at oestrus. Synthesis is maintained at comparable or moderately higher levels during the preimplantation period of pregnancy and in the non-decidualized endometrium during mid gestation. An embryotrophic activity is suggested by studies in vitro that indicate that GM-CSF stimulates attachment and outgrowth of blastocysts. It is postulated that GM-CSF is of major importance to the physiology of pregnancy through its role as a component of a local cytokine circuit acting to recruit and regulate function of endometrial leukocytes, and by its action as interlocutor and important effector arm in embryo-maternal interactions during gestation.
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PMID:Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF): one of a family of epithelial cell-derived cytokines in the preimplantation uterus. 146 94

Leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) was originally identified as a haemopoetic factor that induced the differentiation of certain myeloid leukaemia cell lines. In contrast to this action, LIF was subsequently shown to inhibit the spontaneous differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells in culture, thus maintaining their pluripotency and ability to contribute to the germline of chimaeric mice. In the mouse, mRNA for LIF is expressed by the endometrial glands of the uterus coincident with the time of blastocyst implantation and receptors have been found on the preimplantation blastocyst. The signal for LIF expression appears to be of maternal origin, perhaps regulated by oestradiol. Recombinant LIF improves the development of murine and ovine blastocysts in culture although there is some species specificity with respect to the type of LIF that is bioactive. It is proposed here that LIF acts on the trophectoderm of the rapidly expanding blastocyst and improves the implantation rate of otherwise compromised embryos. Further studies in livestock should elicit therapeutic uses for LIF in embryo culture, embryo transfer and embryo survival in vivo.
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PMID:The effect of leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) on embryogenesis. 146 95

Cancer risk in the Polish-born population of France has been compared to that in Poland and in native French subjects (born in France), using mortality data from the period 1979-1985. The Polish-born community in France is a long-established one--most migration occurred during the 1920s--so that for many cancer sites the cancer pattern is closer to that of French natives than that in Poland (eg oral cavity, oesophagus, large bowel, gall bladder, uterus, leukaemia). Polish migrants, however, retain their characteristically high rates of cancer of the stomach and lung (in men), and low rates of breast and prostate cancer. The Polish-born community has a characteristic pattern of residence (living mainly in the Nord and the Pas-de-Calais) and occupational status (a higher proportion of 'workers' than the French-born); these are important confounding factors which can mask the true differences in risk for several sites (larynx, oesophagus, large bowel) if no adjustment is made during analysis.
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PMID:Cancer mortality among Polish migrants to France. 146 2

The antiprogestin RU 486 converts the early pregnant uterus by increasing the sensitivity of the myometrium to prostaglandin (PG). These effects of antiprogestin have resulted in the development of nonsurgical procedures to abort embryos based on a combination of RU 486 and different PG-analogues administered vaginally or intramuscularly. RU 486 also has a softening effect on the cervix which may be used as pretreatment in second and third trimester abortions. The effects, mode of action, dangers, and the many other postulated clinical implications (like breast cancer, meningioma, ectopic pregnancy, fetal death in utero, induction of labour, initiation and promotion of lactation, endometrial or ovarian cancers, leukemia, Cushing's syndrome, uterine adenomyosis, acute uremia, leiomyosarcoma, hypertension, etc.) are discussed.
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PMID:[Mifepristone (RU 486)]. 151 99

Cancer has been the leading cause of deaths since 1981 in Japan and is still on the increase accounting for 27% of all causes of deaths in 1989. The crude death rate of cancer has been increasing in both sexes, but the age-adjusted death rate has been stable in males and decreasing in females. Among various cancers cancers of the stomach, uterus, liver (females only), and esophagus (females only) have been decreasing. Leukemia and bladder cancer also tend to show a declining trend. Other cancers, especially cancers of the lung, colo-rectum, pancreas, biliary tract liver (males only), prostate, ovary, and breast are increasing in Japan. Trends in the cancer incidence are similar to those of cancer mortality. Causes of the marked secular trends in the cancer mortality and incidence are not clear, but the major causes are suspected to be changes in dietary habits, smoking and drinking habits, and other socio-environmental factors such as marital and reproductive factors. The five year survival rates of several cancers have been improved in the last decades. Thus, progresses in the diagnostic and therapeutic techniques and promotion of cancer screening may have also contributed to the decrease of cancer deaths. If the present trends in cancer mortality and incidence continue, cancer deaths/incidences will still increase and cancers of the lung, colo-rectum, liver (males only), pancreas, biliary tract, etc. will become major cancers in Japan in the future. To combat with ever increasing cancer it is necessary to further promote cancer research, cancer screening, programs for primary prevention of cancer, especially smoking control and improvement of dietary habits.
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PMID:Trends in cancer mortality, incidence and survival in Japan. 151 21

A critical point during mammalian pregnancy is the implantation of the blastocyst when the embryo attaches to the wall of the uterus. The autonomously developing preimplantation embryo then becomes dependent on the maternal environment for its continued development. Little is known about the regulation of implantation, except that a complex interaction between peptide and steroid hormones synchronizes the preparation of the uterus for implantation with the development of the embryo. Whether the implantation event is under maternal or embryonic control is also unclear (reviewed in refs 1, 2). We have previously shown that a cytokine, leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF), is expressed in the uterine endometrial glands specifically on the fourth day of pregnancy. This burst of expression is under maternal control and always precedes implantation of the blastocyst. Here we report that transient expression of LIF in mice is essential for implantation. Females lacking a functional LIF gene are fertile, but their blastocysts fail to implant and do not develop. The blastocysts, however, are viable and, when transferred to wild-type pseudopregnant recipients, they can implant and develop to term.
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PMID:Blastocyst implantation depends on maternal expression of leukaemia inhibitory factor. 152 77

The Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission and its successor, the Radiation Effects Research Foundation, have conducted a long-term follow-up study of a cohort of 120,000 atomic bomb survivors and non-exposed controls since 1950. The most recent findings regarding cancer mortality during the period 1950-85 in this cohort, based on the DS86 doses are as follows: 1) The dosimetry change does not alter the list of radiation-related cancers. Some city differences in dose-response previously thought to be real are no longer significant with the DS86 doses. Assuming a linear dose-response, and using estimated organ-absorbed doses, the risk coefficients derived from the two dosimetries are very similar. If larger RBE values are assumed, the disparity between the two dosimetries increases because the neutron dose is much greater in the T65 dosimetry. 2) Besides the well-known increase of leukemia, there also have been demonstrated increases in cancers of the lung, breast, esophagus, stomach, colon, ovary, urinary bladder, and of multiple myeloma, but no increase has yet been observed in mortality from cancer of the rectum, gallbladder, pancreas, prostate and uterus, and of malignant lymphoma. In general, radiation-induced solid cancer begins to appear after attaining the age at which the cancer is normally prone to develop (the so-called "cancer age"), and continues to increase proportionately with the increase in mortality in the control group as it ages. Sensitivity to radiation, in terms of cancer induction, is higher generally for persons who were young at the time of the bomb (ATB) than for those who were older ATB. Non-cancer mortality in the period 1950-78, based on the T65 doses, which is the most recent published report, did not show an increase with dose, but now, with the accumulation of seven more years of follow-up, there seems to be an excess in the very high dose range, particularly for the younger age ATB cohort. Further follow-up is called for to confirm this suggestion.
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PMID:Mortality among atomic bomb survivors. 176 9

Mortality caused by neoplasms in Brazil was examined by means of official Ministry of Health data covering 26 of the Federal Units and 13 different tumoral sites and referring to the years 1980, 1983 and 1985. Both cluster analyses and those of principal components have shown heterogeneous behaviour as between the different regions of the country in relation to the 13 variants studied. The main discriminatory elements are the trachea/bronchus/lung malign neoplasms followed by those of stomach, pancreas, colon and larynx. Complementary analyses have demonstrated a tendency to an increase in the mortality rate due to prostate malign neoplasms (17.74%), followed by those of trachea/bronchus/lung (15.22%), breast (11.32%), pancreas (10.23%), colon (8.08%), uterine colon (6.45%) and larynx (6.36). There has been a decrease of the mortality due to benign neoplasms/carcinoma "in situ"/others (27.37%), malign rectus neoplasms of the sigmoid/anus (7.67%), stomach (5.31%), of other non-specific locations in the uterus (2.56%), of leukaemia (0.70%) and malign neoplasms of the oesophagus (0.44%). Maling neoplasms of the stomach have been the main cause of cancer mortality in Brazil accounting for 21.27% of the mean total, followed by of the malign neoplasms trachea/bronchus/lung (17.52% of the general average). The mortality rates by esophageal malign neoplasms in Rio Grande do Sul is stressed.
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PMID:[Mortality due to neoplasms in Brazil (1980/1983/1985): grouping by states, behavior and trends]. 182 Jun 15

This report describes the risk of cancer and in particular cancers other than leukemia among the survivors of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Attention focuses primarily on the risk of death from cancer among individuals in the Life Span Study sample of the Radiation Effect Research Foundation in the period 1950-1985 based on the recently revised dosimetry, termed the DS86 doses. Mortality from malignant tumors is increased among A-bomb survivors as a late effect of A-bomb radiation. Besides the well-known increase of leukemia, there also has been demonstrated increase of cancer of the lung, breast, esophagus, stomach, colon, ovary, urinary bladder, thyroid, and of multiple myeloma, but no increase has yet been observed in mortality from cancer of the rectum, gallbladder, pancreas, prostate and uterus, and of malignant lymphoma. The pattern of appearance over time of radiation-induced cancer other than leukemia differs from that of leukemia. In general, radiation-induced solid cancer begins to appear after attaining the age at which the cancer is normally prone to develop (so-called cancer age), and continues to increase proportionately with the increase in mortality of the control group as it ages. Sensitivity to radiation, in terms of cancer induction, is higher for persons who were young at the time of the bomb (ATB) in general than for those who were older ATB. Furthermore, susceptibility to radiation-induced cancer tends to be higher in pre- than in post-natally exposed survivors (at least those exposed as adults). Other radiation effect modifiers and the shape of the dose response curve will also be discussed.
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PMID:Risk of cancer among atomic bomb survivors. 182 67


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