Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0023418 (leukemia)
 93,477 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Transient neonatal myeloproliferative disorders (TMD's) indistinguishable from acute leukaemia by clinical and morphological criteria have been described in neonates with Down's syndrome. To analyse its clinical significance, 10 infants under 1 year of age presenting with Down's syndrome and the morphological picture of acute myelogenous leukaemia were reviewed. 3 of these children had true AML leading to death after 2, 8 and 11 months. In the other 7 children the diagnosis TMD was suggested as spontaneous or in one case interferon-induced remission occurred within 4 to 25 weeks after diagnosis. The interferon-treated patient died of SIDS at the age of 11 months. Another one of the TMD children developed fatal erythroleukaemia at the age of 2 years. Regarding initial clinical and haematological parameters, TMD was indistinguishable from true congenital leukaemie. In all patients classification according to the FAB criteria was difficult, as mainly undifferentiated or poorly differentiated myeloid blasts were seen, sometimes with erythro- or megakaryocytic features. Because of the difficulties in the differential diagnosis of TMD and true AML it is recommended to delay specific cytostatic therapy in neonates with Down's syndrome, until definite progression of the leukaemic process is observed or cytogenetic analyses suggesting true AML are available.
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PMID:[Transient myeloproliferation and acute myeloid leukemia in infants with Down's syndrome]. 214 25

Whenever a country has experienced a significant decrease in infant mortality there has always been a concomitant increase in childhood cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). According to Greaves, this increase is the result of a new type of leukemia, which was first seen in Britain between 1920 and 1940. An alternative hypothesis is proposed which assumes that, for childhood cases of ALL, infections are competing causes of death and for juvenile myeloid leukemia (JML) the principal competitor is the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). The SIDS association is the result of JML originating in undifferentiated (erythro-myeloid) stem cells and having faulty erythropoiesis as a side effect. With this congenital anomaly as part of the disease process, the low oxygen pressures of deep sleep may be sufficient to cause sudden death from tissue anoxia.
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PMID:Etiology of childhood leukemia: a possible alternative to the Greaves hypothesis. 228 Jun 7

There has been some empirical support for the hypothesis that population mixing from internal migration may be related to increased infection or occurrence of excess of childhood leukemia. In this study, the incidence of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) was examined in relationship to geographic variation and degree of population mixing. It is known that SIDS is more common in the winter months, in lower social classes, in larger families, and is preceded by minor infections. The expectation is that SIDS will be higher in areas with greater numbers of long-distance migrants. Data were obtained on all 403 local authority districts from the 1979-83 Decennial Supplement on Area Mortality for England and Wales, and the 1981 Population Census. The observed and expected numbers of infant deaths from diseases of the respiratory system (ICD460-519) were collected along with SIDS (ICD 798.0) in order to examine whether there was underreporting or overreporting of SIDS in high migration areas. Data was controlled for confounding factors such as legitimacy and illegitimacy, and estimating, from legitimate birth data, social class data. The results showed that the ratio of observed to expected numbers of AIDS deaths increased with increased rate of migration from outside the region. Districts with 3 or more migrants per 100 residents had a 62% higher ratio than areas with 1 migrant per 100 residents. Differences were highly significant: x2 = 94.75, for 1 degree of difference, p 0.001. After adjustment for social class and illegitimacy, the results indicated a highly statistically significant trend that was stronger than the initial analysis: x2 = 101.99, 1 degree of difference, p 0.001. There was only a minor impact of confounding factors on the observed trend. There was a statistically significant negative trend for the relationship between infant respiratory deaths and inter-regional migration rates: x2 = 7.18, 1 degree of difference, p = 0.007. The opposite sign was interpreted as evidence of some diagnostic confusion in assignment of SIDS deaths, but the disproportion of numbers of respiratory and SIDS deaths in the highest and lowest migration groups was very large (159 deaths from SIDs and a deficit of 19.4 respiratory deaths in the highest group). The difference between the highest and lowest respiratory disease group was 7%, but 62% with SIDS. The provisional conclusion was that the extent of population mixing does affect SIDs incidence.
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PMID:Population mixing and sudden infant death syndrome in England and Wales. 796 Mar 79

Cigarette smoking remains a frequent problem during pregnancy. Nicotine has deleterious effects on the foetus. The most common problem remains "small for date" babies. However, this is a minor problem compared with two major toxic consequences: intellectual impairment and increased rate of infantile cancer. Many studies have shown diminished intellectual capacity, behavioural problems and an increase of sudden infant death syndrome. The cancerigenic and genotoxic effects of smoking are well documented with recent studies showing the genotoxicity of amniotic fluid in smoking pregnant women and lymphocyte chromosome mutation in newborns. The frequency of cancers, particularly leukaemia, lymphoma and cerebral tumours are increased in children born to women who smoke during pregnancy. It is therefore excessively important to help pregnant women and their doctors become aware of the toxic effects of active or passive smoking in pregnancy and encourage the patients and their friends and relations to stop smoking as soon as pregnancy is diagnosed or if it's possible before the pregnancy.
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PMID:[Effect of smoking on the fetus and the child during pregnancy]. 881 44

This manuscript describes the tobacco industry's efforts to recruit active smokers among the adolescent population, the effects of environmental tobacco smoke on nonsmokers, and lists some steps pediatricians can take to influence smoking behavior. Six health effects result from passive smoking. Children exposed to environmental tobacco smoke have increased lower respiratory illness rates, especially in the first year of life, passive smoking is associated with increased rates of chronic middle ear effusion in children. Exposure to cigarette smoke is associated with small changes in pulmonary function. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke increases an asthmatic child's exacerbations. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke is a risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome. Passive exposure during childhood to a parents smoking increases a child's risk of leukemia and lymphoma during adulthood. Pediatricians and others who care for children must try to limit as much as possible, the exposure of children to the cigarette smoke produced by others.
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PMID:Active and passive smoking: hazards for children. 920 57

Plerixafor [Mozobil, AMD 3100, JM 3100, SDZ SID 791] is a bicyclam derivative that acts as a stem cell mobiliser by blocking the CXCR4 chemokine receptor. Plerixafor was synthesised by Johnson Matthey (AnorMED) in collaboration with the Rega Institute of Leuven, Belgium. Plerixafor is in phase III clinical trials in stem cell transplantation among cancer patients. Plerixafor blocks CXCR4, which triggers the rapid movement of stem cells out of the bone marrow and into circulating blood. These cells can then be collected and used in stem cell transplant procedures. Plerixafor had been available for partnering in Europe. However, decisions concerning partnering arrangements were deferred by AnorMED until top-line clinical data became available (expected in 2007). In November 2006, Genzyme Corporation completed its acquisition of AnorMED. Genzyme intends to commercialise plerixafor in >50 countries throughout the world using its existing transplant business. Evotec OAI was selected by AnorMED to support it in the chemical development of plerixafor. Evotec OAI will use EVOdevelop, its integrated chemical and pharmaceutical development platform, to complete the full validation of the process to plerixafor, including process research and development, cGMP manufacturing and analytical work. Evotec OAI will also be responsible for producing the relevant Chemical Manufacturing Control (CMC) documentation for regulatory filings. Top line results from the phase III studies are expected in the second quarter of 2007 and, assuming these are successful, the marketing submissions are planned for the US in 2007 (launch in 2008), and for Canada and Europe in 2008. Plerixafor has orphan drug status for stem cell transplantation in cancer patients in the US and the EU. AnorMED (now Genzyme) decided to pursue a full Marketing Authorisation Application (MAA) in Europe for plerixafor in stem cell transplant. Previously, the company had been planning on filing a CMA (Conditional Marketing Authorisation) in this region. The change in strategy requires additional phase II trials in the five major EU markets. Multicentre phase II trials with plerixafor have begun in Canada and Germany in approximately 50 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma (studies EU21 and C201). Enrolment has been completed in a US-based, multicentre, phase II trial (study 2105) of plerixafor plus G-CSF in patients with multiple myeloma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. This study is designed to optimise the administration schedule of this combination therapy regimen. Plerixafor has completed a phase II study (study 2104) in multiple myeloma and NHL patients in combination with chemotherapy. A US-based phase II pilot study (study 2108) with plerixafor as a single mobilising agent in multiple myeloma patients undergoing stem cell transplant is underway. Another US-based phase II pilot study (study 2106) is evaluating plerixafor in combination with the standard mobilisation regimen, G-CSF, in patients with Hodgkin's disease undergoing stem cell transplant. AnorMED completed a phase II study (study 2101) evaluating the potential of plerixafor in combination with G-CSF as a therapy for stem cell transplantation compared to G-CSF therapy alone. The study involved patients with multiple myeloma and patients with NHL. Results indicated that the combination regimen was significantly superior to G-CSF treatment alone in stem cell mobilisation. Further trials are planned for plerixafor, to expand its use in transplant and in other indications including one to investigate the potential of plerixafor to improve the effectiveness of chemotherapy in patients with leukaemia. Phase I trials have been completed.
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PMID:Plerixafor: AMD 3100, AMD3100, JM 3100, SDZ SID 791. 1732 9

Health outcomes in developed countries differ substantially for mothers and infants who formula feed compared with those who breastfeed. For infants, not being breastfed is associated with an increased incidence of infectious morbidity, as well as elevated risks of childhood obesity, type 1 and type 2 diabetes, leukemia, and sudden infant death syndrome. For mothers, failure to breastfeed is associated with an increased incidence of premenopausal breast cancer, ovarian cancer, retained gestational weight gain, type 2 diabetes, myocardial infarction, and the metabolic syndrome. Obstetricians are uniquely positioned to counsel mothers about the health impact of breastfeeding and to ensure that mothers and infants receive appropriate, evidence-based care, starting at birth.
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PMID:The risks of not breastfeeding for mothers and infants. 2011 58

Some studies have suggested chemopreventive effects of kefir, a fermented milk product, on carcinogenesis. The aim of this review study was to evaluate the scientific evidence for effects of kefir on cancer prevention and treatment. We systematically searched for all relevant studies published before June 2015, using PubMed, Google scholar, Cochrane and Science Direct, SID, MedLib and Srlst databases. Relevant studies were reviewed based on systematic review (PRISMA) guidelines. From a total of 2208 papers obtained at the initial database search, 11 publications including 7 in vitro and 4 experimental studies were eligible. In vitro studies on breast, colon, skin and gastric cancers and leukemia cell lines and experimental studies on different sarcomas consistently showed beneficial effects of kefir on cancer prevention and treatment. The results of this systematic review suggest that kefir may be associated with cancer prevention and it also has beneficial effects in cancer treatment. This protection may be associated with kefir bioactive components including peptides, polysaccharides and sphingolipids.
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PMID:Kefir and Cancer: A Systematic Review of Literatures. 2662 Oct 19