Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0023418 (leukemia)
 93,477 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Nineteen patients are reported who developed acute myeloblastic leukemia following treatment for a variety of solid tumors, including seminoma (four cases), melanoma (one case), and cancer of the ovary (six cases), colon or rectum (three cases), bladder (two cases), cervix, endometrium, and larynx (one case each). There were nine men and ten women, with a median age of 49.8 years (range 29 to 75). The mean interval between the diagnosis of solid tumors and acute leukemia is 5.8 years. In two patients the two diseases occurred simultaneously or within six months of each other. One patient was treated only surgically. Eight patients were treated with radiotherapy, five with chemotherapy, and five received both chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Pancytopenia was commonly noted prior to the onset of leukemia with chromosomal abnormalities observed in four cases in which a karyotype was performed. Three patients achieved complete hematological remission following antileukemic therapy. One hundred and six additional patients with non-hematopoietic neoplasms and acute leukemia are reviewed. Although acute leukemia may occur in a higher than expected frequency in patients with solid tumors because of a possible increased risk of a second neoplasm, it seems more likely that the acute leukemia is related to the radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy administered to treat the first neoplasm.
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PMID:Acute myeloblastic leukemia following treatment for non-hematopoietic cancers: report of 19 cases and review of the literature. 29 52

Although the term thymic hyperplasia is used most commonly to indicate the occurrence of germinal centers in the thymus, cognizance must be taken of the fact that such centers may occur in apparently normal thymuses in both children and adults. A concept of thymic compartmentalization is proposed with origin of germinal centers in the perivascular space (extraparenchymal compartment) of the thymus. These germinal centers contain a high percentage of B lymphocytes in contrast to the true thymic parenchyma. Although the significance of germinal centers in the thymus parenchyma. Although the significance of germinal centers in the thymus in myasthenia gravis remains controversial, removal of nonneoplastic thymus in this condition is of proven therapeutic value. A variety of neoplasms originating in the thymus have previously been lumped together under the single term "thymoma." It is apparent, however, that thymoma, thymic carcinoid, various lymphomas, and germ cell tumors that arise in the thymus differ not only pathologically but also in their clinical behavior. Thymoma is regarded as an epithelial neoplasm and ultrastucturally is characterized by many desmosomes and tonofilaments. The lymphocytes do not behave in a malignant manner, and lymphomas of the thymus should be sharply separated from true thymoma. Poorly differentiated thymic carcinoma and histiocytic lymphoma may be distinguishable only by the electron microscopic demonstration of desmosomes and filaments in the thymic carcinoma. The evidence that Hodgkin's disease of the thymus ("granulomatous thymoma") is not a variant of thymoma appears overwhelming. Lymphoblastic lymphoma of the thymus is a distinctive neoplasm that is especially prevalent in teenage males. High levels of terminal transferase characterize the lymphoblasts and there is a striking tendency for leukemia to occur. Thymic carcinoid is usually nonfunctional, although one-third of the reported cases are associated with Cushing's syndrome. On light microscopy a ribbon pattern and punctate necroses are characteristic of thymic carcinoids. Electron microscopic demonstration of many dense core granules is invaluable in establishing this diagnosis. An important clue to the diagnosis of thymic seminoma (a neoplasm that shows the same radiosensitivity as its testicular counterpart) is the frequent presence of epithelioid and giant cell granulomas and germinal centers. Separation of the various thymic neoplasms described not only is justifiable on pathologic grounds but is often essential for appropriate patient investigation and treatment.
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PMID:Thymic hyperplasia and neoplasia: a review of current concepts. 36 41

131I is the radionuclide most commonly used in biologically targeted radiotherapy at the present time. Microdosimetric analysis has shown that microtumors whose diameters are less than the beta-particle maximum range absorb radiation energy inefficiently from targeted radionuclides. Micrometastases of diameters < 1 mm are likely to be spared if targeted 131I is used as a single modality. Because of this, combined modality therapy incorporating targeted 131I, external beam total-body irradiation (TBI), and bone marrow rescue has been proposed. In this study, the minimum necessary TBI component is shown to depend on the radiosensitivity of the tumor cells. The analysis shows that the TBI component, to achieve radiocurability, increases directly with tumor radioresistance. For the most radiosensitive tumors, a whole-body TBI treatment dose 2 x 2 Gy is calculated to be obligatory, whereas practical arguments exist in favor of higher doses. For more radioresistant tumors, the analysis implies that a TBI treatment delivery of 5 x 2 Gy is obligatory. In all situations, external beam TBI appears to be an essential factor in providing reasonable probability of cure of disseminated malignant disease. Reasonable prospects of tumor cure by combination strategies incorporating 131I exist for the more radiosensitive tumor types (e.g., neuroblastoma, lymphoma, leukemia, myeloma, seminoma), but more resistant tumors are unlikely to be curable at present. Superior targeting agents, and the possible use of panels of different radionuclides, may be necessary to achieve high cure probabilities for less radiosensitive tumor types.
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PMID:Optimum combination of targeted 131I therapy and total-body irradiation for treatment of disseminated tumors of differing radiosensitivity. 128 26

We describe a series of 28 fine needle aspiration biopsies (FNAB) of soft tissue from 22 patients. Four patients had two separate FNABs, and one had three aspiration procedures. The patient population was limited to children and young adults (age range, 2 months to 29 years; mean, 16 years) who were known to have diverse forms of cancer, and who subsequently developed a mass in the peripheral soft tissues (including breast). The interval between the time of diagnosis of the primary malignant neoplasm and FNAB ranged from 1 day to 17 years (mean, 39 months). All FNAB diagnoses were confirmed by subsequent surgical open biopsy or clinical follow-up greater than 1 year. No complications occurred from the procedure. The cytomorphology is presented in selected cases and correlated with the patient's original tissue histopathology. Twenty aspirates were diagnosed as cytologically malignant, one as suspicious for malignancy. Seven were considered benign. None were unsatisfactory. One false-positive and no false-negative cytologic diagnoses were obtained. The overall accuracy of FNAB diagnoses was 96%, while sensitivity was 100% and specificity 88%. Sites of aspiration included soft tissues of the head and neck (seven cases), trunk (eight cases), breast (four cases), and extremities (nine cases). Malignant cytologic diagnoses included sarcoma (thirteen), seminoma (two), lymphoma/leukemia (two), melanoma (one), undifferentiated neoplasm (one), and neuroblastoma (one). Electron microscopy of aspirated cells was used to confirm the diagnosis in two cases. Fine needle aspiration biopsy of soft tissue masses from children and young adults with cancer demonstrates a high diagnostic accuracy, and its use is justified in this population.
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PMID:Metachronous soft-tissue masses in children and young adults with cancer: correlation of histology and aspiration cytology. 219 Sep 11

Recent advances of cytogenetics in human hematological malignancies and solid tumors were reviewed. In leukemia and lymphoma, many non-random chromosome aberrations have been found in the last decade. Further specific chromosome aberrations, which existed usually in less than five percent of acute leukemia cases, were recently found, including t (1 ; 3) in MDS or AML M4, +der (1) t (1 ; 7) in MDS, t (1 ; 11) in AML M4 or M5 and +4 in AML M2 or M4. Recurrent chromosome deletions of 17p-, 9q- and 2p- were also found as secondary aberrations in association with tumor development. Accumulation of the data from variant translocation for the 9 ; 22, 8 ; 21 and 15 ; 17 gave us important informations of critical sites of the chromosome in leukemia development. A new trial for the simultaneous analysis of morphology, immunologic phenotype and karyotype on the same metaphase clearly demonstrated stem cell origin of leukemia in some cases, specializing the affected cell lineage. Progress in non-radioactive in situ hybridization techniques now allows approaches to the recognition of particular chromosome abnormality in metaphase and also in interphase cell by means of specific repetitive probes for each chromosome. Though a hypothesis that fragile sites may act as factors predisposing to chromosomal rearrangements have attracted attention in past few years, recent results appear to be conflicting without any direct proof. Cytogenetic studies in solid tumor have been remarkably progressed with advances of methodology. Recurrent chromosome aberrations in solid tumor were found, such as t (X ; 18) in synovial sarcoma, t (12 ; 16) in liposarcoma, and i (12p) in seminoma. Studies on the correlation between specific chromosome changes and histologic subtypes resulted in an useful orientation to the diagnosis and the therapy. Advance in cytogenetics may serve as new concepts for patho-physiology of malignant tumors and contribute to further understandings of molecular genetics in human solid tumors.
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PMID:[Cancer and chromosomes]. 268 17

The frequencies of reactivated disease due to varicella-zoster virus (VZV) in immunocompromised patients were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibody and also by the lymphocyte proliferation response to VZV antigen. Subclinical reactivations were as common as classical herpes zoster in all patient groups. Among bone marrow transplant (BMT) recipients, 36% developed herpes zoster and 26%, a subclinical reactivation. The corresponding frequencies for patients with leukemia during induction therapy were 5% and 10%; in renal transplant recipients, 0% and 26%; and in patients with seminoma, 0% and 6%, respectively. Subclinical reactivation of VZV thus appears to be a common finding in severely immunocompromised patients. A regained lymphocyte proliferation response to VZV antigen is a sensitive indicator of subclinical reactivation of VZV in BMT recipients. None of 19 BMT recipients with subclinical disease due to VZV later developed clinical reactivation of VZV. Acyclovir given as prophylaxis against infection with herpes simplex virus reduced the number of clinical and subclinical reactivations of VZV during treatment in BMT recipients, but not thereafter.
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PMID:Clinical and subclinical reactivations of varicella-zoster virus in immunocompromised patients. 300 35

A review was made on 1,437 cases of testicular malignancies reported in the Annual of the Pathological Autopsy Cases in Japan between 1967 and 1976. They were 417 cases of germinal testicular cancer and 1,027 cases of secondary tumors, the ratio between the two being 1:2.46. The primary disease of 966 cases of secondary tumors was known: It was leukemia in 541 cases (56%), cancer in 188 cases (19.4%) and lymphosarcoma in 184 cases (19.0%), in decreasing order of frequency. The histological classification of the 410 germinal cell carcinoma given clear description was type I, II, III, IV and V according to Dixon and Moore's classification in 34.4%, 38.5%, 3.7%, 10.2% and 13.2%, respectively. There were 369 cases consisting of only one histological type, which was seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, teratoma, teratocarcinoma and choriocarcinoma in 38.2%, 39.0%, 3.8% 10.0% and 9.0% of these cases, respectively. The pattern of metastasis was analyzed for these 369 cases. There was no significant difference in the pattern of lymph node metastasis between the 5 groups, but there was a slight difference between seminoma and embryonal carcinoma. There was a significant difference in the pattern of distant metastasis between the 5 groups and between choriocarcinoma and seminoma, choriocarcinoma and embryonal carcinoma, and, choriocarcinoma and teratocarcinoma. It is questionable whether the findings at autopsy directly relate to prognosis, but considering from the pattern of metastasis at autopsy, the adult germinal cell testicular tumors can be divided into the three groups: seminoma, choriocarcinoma and embryonal carcinoma + teratocarcinoma + teratoma.
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PMID:[A review of the cases of testicular tumors reported in the Annual of Pathological Autopsy Cases in Japan]. 668 45

Out of 420 kidney transplant recipients at the University Hospital, Zurich, operated on between 1964 and 1978, 23 developed one or more malignant tumors. This corresponds to 5.8% of all patients. They included 8 cases of malignant lymphoma (non-Hodgkin), one of subacute myeloic leukemia, one of acute lymphatic leukemia, 6 skin cancers and 9 cancers of internal organs. Thirteen patients died, a figure corresponding to 8% of all deaths after kidney transplantation. Nine of the 10 patients with lymphoma and leukemia died, in 5 cases despite therapy. The response to therapy (radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy) was much poorer than in other patients with comparable tumors and in some patients completely absent. The only surviving patient (malignant lymphoma of the small bowel and the retroperitoneum) was treated by a combination of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy and has had a symptom-free follow-up time of 3 1/2 years. The 6 skin cancers (4 of the spinocellular type) were excised. Recurrences were not noted. The visceral carcinomas (2 breast cancers, 1 carcinoma respectively of the pancreas, the rectum, the liver, the kidneys, the renal pelvis, and the urinary bladder, and one seminoma) were treated by generally accepted surgical principles as far as treatment of the patients was possible. The breast cancer and seminoma patients have survived thus far without recurrences or metastases.
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PMID:[Malignant tumors in bearers of kidney grafts in immunosuppressive therapy]. 703 60

There are several reports suggesting that there is a higher incidence of leukemia and testicular cancer in patients with Down syndrome. Fifteen patients with Down syndrome and testicular cancer were previously reported. The median age at diagnosis of testicular cancer was 18 years, (range: 3-45). The histologic subtypes were seminoma in 9 patients, not specified in 2 patients, and 1 patient each of adenocarcinoma, yolk sac, embryonal, and teratocarcinoma. In this article we describe a case of extragonadal choriocarcinoma in a patient with Down syndrome. To our knowledge, this is the first case ever reported. The patient had a complete remission following chemotherapy with cisplatin, etoposide, and bleomycin and is disease-free with a follow-up of 32 months. Patients with Down syndrome and advanced testicular cancer should be treated with potentially curative chemotherapy.
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PMID:Extragonadal choriocarcinoma in a patient with Down syndrome. 809 21

A population-based study was carried out on 3,988 tumours in teenagers (aged 10-19 years) diagnosed during the period 1943-87 in Denmark and abstracted from the files of the National Cancer Registry. In that Registry, codes for tumours were based solely on topography until the end of 1977. In order to obtain a uniform data set, coded by the system of the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology (ICD-O) now used at the Cancer Registry, all cases of teenage cancer diagnosed prior to 1978 were re-evaluated, and an ICD-O code was applied. Tumours were further aggregated into diagnostic groups using an internationally agreed scheme. The average incidence rates for all histological types combined were 136 per million for boys and 108 per million for girls, which are close to those reported in Connecticut, USA. Central nervous system tumours, leukaemia and malignant lymphomas accounted for 60% of all cancers among teenagers. An overall excess of cancers among boys was mainly due to more frequent occurrence of leukaemias, malignant lymphomas, sarcomas and germ-cell tumours. Increasing trends with time were seen for malignant lymphomas in both boys and girls and for subtypes of non-seminoma germ-cell tumour among boys aged 15-19. For other diagnostic groups, including the main group of leukaemias, the rates have remained largely unchanged, suggesting that environmental factors associated with modern society play a minor role in the aetiology of cancer among teenagers.
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PMID:Cancer among teenagers in Denmark, 1943-1987. 834 54


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