Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0023418 (leukemia)
 93,477 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A continuing problem in cytology laboratories is the lack of adequate control material for immunocytochemical testing. Usual control procedures involve testing paraffin-embedded control materials along with the patient specimens. These control materials are fundamentally unlike cytologic preparations. We have developed a method to make control preparations for immunocytochemical analysis using cultured anaplastic cells with known antigenic features from commercial sources. Cell lines included melanoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, T-cell leukemia, and squamous-cell carcinoma. Modified Saccomano and acetone fixation coupled with the cytospin technique enabled good-quality preparations. Cell lines were tested with antibodies for HMB-45, actin, leukocyte common antigen (LCA) and cytokeratin, which avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase and diaminobenzidine (DAB) as chromogens. Our final preparations were easily interpretable with excellent morphologic preservation of cellular detail. Cultured cells provide a superior method for preparing almost unlimited numbers of control slides for immunocytochemistry for laboratories with access to a tissue culture facility.
 ...
PMID:Immunocytochemistry controls using cell culture. 921 10

A 30-year-old man with a testicular tumor ressembling a "round cell sarcoma" was treated for rhabdomyosarcoma. Complete remission was achieved but the patient relapsed and died of the disease. A retrospective diagnosis of granulocytic sarcoma was established using an anti-myeloperoxidase antibody, unfortunately not available at the time of the initial diagnosis. No hematological disorders were observed during the course of the disease. Four cases of granulocytic sarcoma of the testis have been reported in the literature. All these cases where accompanied or followed by leukemia. The present case seems to be the first case of granulocytic sarcoma of the testis not accompanied by hematological disorders.
 ...
PMID:[Granulocytic sarcoma of the testis without hematological manifestations]. 924 49

The four national paediatric cancer clinical trials organisations in the United States--the Children's Cancer Group, the National Wilms' Tumor Study Group, the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group and the Pediatric Oncology Group--were formed in 1955, 1969, 1972 and 1979, respectively. Together, the Children's Cancer Group and Pediatric Oncology Group serve as a national registry of nearly all childhood cancers in the United States, provide a national network of communication for researchers, care providers and families of paediatric patients with malignant disease and conduct laboratory investigations and clinical trials of new treatments of cancers in infants, children, adolescents and young adults. Nearly 95% of patients with cancer in the United States who are below 15 years of age are registered by the Children's Cancer Group and the Pediatric Oncology Group and more than half of American children with cancer are entered into at least one trial by a paediatric group. Improved survival of children receiving treatment according to well-defined protocols in specialised children's centres, in contrast to children who received treatment outside of these centres, has been shown for those with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, lymphoma, Wilms' tumour, medulloblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma. By the year 2000, the overall cure rate for United States children and adolescents with cancer should exceed 85%. To reach this goal, the way forward will depend on international collaboration, implementation of global harmonisation, prevention of the erosion of biomedical research and clinical trials by the managed health care industry, increased public and private financial support and continued recruitment into paediatric oncology of brilliant and dedicated young investigators. The specific challenges ahead include: (1) transferring the knowledge, methodologies and technologies to countries that are less fortunate; (2) conducting multinational clinical trials in conjunction with paediatric cooperative groups in other countries; (3) accessing older adolescent patients who currently do not participate in cooperative group trials; (4) merging clinical trials by adult collaborative groups that overlap with the paediatric groups, as in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, acute myelogenous leukaemia, Hodgkin's disease, osteosarcoma and germ cell tumours; (5) establishing a stable source of funding for national and international cooperative paediatric cancer clinical trials; (6) creating an informatics system that can link paediatric cooperative group operation centres around the world, and the institutions within each collaborative group; and (7) securing the support of the insurance industry and government in covering clinical trials.
 ...
PMID:The U.S. pediatric cancer clinical trials programmes: international implications and the way forward. 933 87

The immune reactivity of allogeneic lymphocytes plays a major role in control of leukemia after bone marrow transplantation. We studies the efficacy of donor leukocyte transfusion (DLT) on acute and chronic leukemia in relapse after bone marrow transplantation in Japan. Sixty nine patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia (N = 17), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (N = 25), acute myelocytic leukemia (N = 26), myelodysplastic syndrome (N = 5), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (N = 2) and rhabdomyosarcoma (N = 1) were treated with transfusions of donor lymphocytes. Therapeutic effects were induced by donor leukocyte transfusion in 20 patients (29%) including 3 patients out of 4 (75%) with CML in cytogenetic and chronic phase relapse, 4 out of 5 (80%) patients with myelodysplastic syndrome, 3 out of 13 (23%) patients with CML in transformed phase, 5 out of 25 (20%) patients with acute myelocytic leukemia, and 4 out of 20 (20%) patients with acute lymphoblasic leukemia. Twenty two patients (30%) developed acute GVHD (> or = 2) and 6 out of 73 (8.2%) patients developed fatal GVHD after donor leukocyte transfusion. Patients relapsed within 6 months after marrow transplantation had a probability of having severe acute GVHD (> or = 2) after DLT. Fourteen out of 24 (58%) patients with GVL response were re-relapsed thereafter. Minimal dose of donor leukocytes infused in successfully treated 9 patients without cytoreductive therapy was 2 x 10(7)/kg in total and minimal dose of that in 6 patients with fatal GVHD was 7 x 10(7)/kg in total. The anti-leukemia effect of donor leukocyte transfusion was strongest against CML in cytogenetic and chronic phase and induce a durable complete remission.
 ...
PMID:[Therapeutic effect of donor leukocyte transfusion in relapsing marrow transplants in Japan]. 942 32

The human ether-a-go-go-related gene (herg) encodes a K+ current (IHERG) that plays a fundamental role in heart excitability by regulating the action potential repolarization (IKr); mutations of this gene are responsible for the chromosome 7-linked long QT syndrome (LQT2). In this report, we show that in a variety (n = 17) of tumor cell lines of different species (human and murine) and distinct histogenesis (neuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, adenocarcinoma, lung microcytoma, pituitary tumors, insulinoma beta-cells, and monoblastic leukemia), a novel K+ inward-rectifier current (IIR), which is biophysically and pharmacologically similar to IHERG, can be recorded with the patch-clamp technique. Northern blot experiments with a human herg cDNA probe revealed that both in human and murine clones the very high expression of herg transcripts can be quantified in at least three clearly identifiable bands, suggesting an alternative splicing of HERG mRNA. Moreover, we cloned a cDNA encoding for IIR from the SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma. The sequence of this cDNA result was practically identical to that already reported for herg, indicating a high conservation of this gene in tumors. Consistently, the expression of this clone in Xenopus oocytes showed that the encoded K+ channel had substantially all of the biophysical and pharmacological properties of the native IIR described for tumor cells. In addition, in the tumor clones studied, IIR governs the resting potential, whereas it could not be detected either by the patch clamp or the Northern blot techniques in cells obtained from primary cell cultures of parental tissues (sensory neurons and myotubes), whose resting potential is controlled by the classical K+ anomalous rectifier current. This current substitution had a profound impact on the resting potential, which was markedly depolarized in tumors as compared with normal cells. These results suggest that IIR is normally only expressed during the early stages of cell differentiation frozen by neoplastic transformation, playing an important pathophysiological role in the regulatory mechanisms of neoplastic cell survival. In fact, because of its biophysical features, IIR, besides keeping the resting potential within the depolarized values required for unlimited tumor growth, could also appear suitable to afford a selective advantage in an ischemic environment.
 ...
PMID:herg encodes a K+ current highly conserved in tumors of different histogenesis: a selective advantage for cancer cells? 948 40

Animal models of leptomeningeal metastasis (LM) should give insight into pathophysiological mechanisms and allow to evaluate new treatments including their neurotoxicity. Syngeneic models use tumor cells of mouse, rat, rabbit or guinea pig origin. Allogeneic models usually rely on human tumor cells injected into nude mice or rats. A review of the literature revealed 2 (4) different glioma, 3 medulloblastoma, 3 (3) carcinoma, 3 (1) melanoma, 1 rhabdomyosarcoma, 2 (8) leukemia and 2 (2) non-Hodgkin's lymphoma allogeneic (syngeneic) models of LM. These models have been used to study the evolution of LM and to evaluate systemic or intrathecal chemotherapy, intrathecal immunotherapy (interleukin-2, interferon-beta, uncoupled, toxin- or radionuclide-conjugated antibodies), and recently gene therapeutic approaches. On the whole, pathophysiological, therapeutic and neurotoxic findings have been well transferable to the clinical situation. Therefore, it seems rational to preclinically test new treatments in an appropriate animal model of LM before using them in patients.
 ...
PMID:Animal models of leptomeningeal metastasis. 969 72

We report a case of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (AR) with massive infiltration of bone marrow at presentation, and initial diagnosis in bone marrow aspirate. A 35 year old man presented with a submandibular mass, and hematomas after mild traumatisms. Peripheral blood showed thrombocytopenia and a normocytic anaemia. Bone marrow film showed diffuse involvement by undifferentiated blasts with rhabdomyoblastic features. Subsequent biopsy of submandibular lymph node confirmed the diagnosis with positivity for specific muscle actin and desmin, and negativity for lymphoid markers. Initial presentation of AR with extensive bone marrow involvement is extremely rare, and it could lead to wrong diagnosis and treatment of acute leukaemia, with the serious consequences that this would have. Immunohistochemical study and morphologic differential features can be of great diagnostic help.
 ...
PMID:[Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma with massive infiltration of the bone marrow as its initial manifestation]. 974 Dec 33

We report five adolescent girls with secondary breast tumours. All were imaged by US and the imaging findings have been analysed. Four girls had rhabdomyosarcoma as the primary malignant disease and one had leukaemia. US features were variable, but most of the cases showed heterogeneous nodules which were quite different from the usual benign lesions (fibroadenoma, abscess, cyst) encountered at this age. The metastases produced a variety of echo characteristics: masses with well-defined margins, hyperechoic foci and sonolucent or hypoechoic nodules with posterior attenuation or lacking posterior enhancement. One lesion was round and heterogeneous with a hyperechoic centre. These US findings in an adolescent girl suggest the need for fine-needle aspiration. Mammograms, when performed, never revealed microcalcifications and were quite difficult to analyse at this age, due to the dense glandular breast tissue.
 ...
PMID:Breast metastases in adolescent girls: US findings. 979 12

Carzelesin (U-80244), one of the synthetic DNA minor groove binding cyclopropylpyrroloindole analogues, was selected for clinical development because of its high potency, promising antitumor activity in murine solid tumors and leukemia, and significant therapeutic efficacy against colon and rhabdomyosarcoma xenografts. In this Phase I study, carzelesin was given daily for 5 consecutive days to (a) determine the maximum tolerable dose (MTD) and the pattern of toxicity of this schedule; (b) define the pharmacokinetic profile of the parent, as was done for the intermediate compound U-76073 and the DNA-reactive agent U-76074; and (c) document any antitumor activity observed. Carzelesin was given as a 10-min infusion with a constant-rate infusion pump. Treatment was repeated every 4 weeks or when blood counts had recovered to normal values. The starting dose of 12 microgram/m2/day was escalated by 20-30% increments until the MTD (defined as the dose leading to grade 4 hematological or grade 3 nonhematological toxicity in at least two of six patients) was reached. Pharmacokinetic studies were planned on days 1 and 5 of the first cycle in at least two patients per dose level. Plasma levels of carzelesin, U-76073, and U-76074 were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection and a detection limit of 0.5 ng/ml. Twenty-five patients were entered in the study, and 56 cycles were evaluable for hematological toxicity. Subsequent dose levels evaluated were 24, 30, 35, and 40 microgram/m2. Both neutropenia and thrombocytopenia were dose limiting and cumulative, with a high interpatient variability. Neutropenia occurred earlier (median time to neutrophil nadir and recovery, 15 and 29 days, respectively) than thrombocytopenia (median time to platelet nadir and recovery, 25 and >/=26 days, respectively); there were delays of treatment because of persisting thrombocytopenia in all patients treated at the MTD. At the MTD, the peak plasma concentrations of carzelesin were achieved at the end of the infusion and were higher than those found cytotoxic in vitro against tumor cell lines. Carzelesin was detectable up to a maximum of 1 h after the infusion. Smaller amounts of U-76073 were detectable for a maximum of 30 min only at the MTD, whereas U-76074 was never found. An 8-month partial remission was reported in one previously untreated patient with hepatocellular carcinoma at 40 microgram/m2. The MTD was fixed at 40 microgram/m2 daily; 35 and 30 microgram/m2 are the daily doses recommended for Phase II studies in good- and poor-risk patients. The daily regimen for 5 days seems to offer no advantage over the single intermittent schedule that has been selected for the Phase II program in Europe.
 ...
PMID:Phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of carzelesin (U-80244) given daily for five consecutive days. 981 22

Several forms of human sarcoma, lymphoma, and leukemia are characterized by somatically acquired chromosome translocations that result in fusion genes that encode chimeric transcription factors with oncogenic properties. We have used cDNA microarrays containing 1238 cDNAs to investigate the gene expression profile of a group of seven alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS) cell lines characterized by the presence of the PAX3-FKHR fusion gene. Using the method of multidimensional scaling to represent the relationships among the cell lines in two-dimensional Euclidean space, we determined that ARMS cells show a consistent pattern of gene expression, which allows the cells to be clustered together. By searching across the seven ARMS cell lines, we found that 37 of 1238 genes were most consistently expressed in ARMS relative to a reference cell line. Only three of these genes have been previously reported to be expressed in ARMS. Among these 37 were genes related to both primary (PAX3-FKHR) and secondary (CDK4) genetic alterations in ARMS. These results in ARMS demonstrate the potential of cDNA microarray technology to elucidate tumor-specific gene expression profiles in human cancers.
 ...
PMID:Gene expression profiling of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma with cDNA microarrays. 982 99


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>