Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0023418 (leukemia)
 93,477 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A number of newly-developed vaccines are available nowadays, whilst others, which are well-established, have been improved. The collection of epidemiological data, however, is equally important in assessing and providing insight into prophylactic measures. The beneficial effects and risks of vaccination may be calculated by special formulae. Changes in the effect of vaccines can be detected by constant reevaluation of the epidemiological situation by means of these formulae. Another possibility lies in the calculation of the borderline number of complications of a certain disease when the risks of the sequelae of the disease or of the vaccination are about equal. Examples of valuable and recommendable vaccinations are vaccination against measles, poliomyelitis, tetanus and tick-borne encephalitis. A follow-up of the case mortality of whooping-cough in Austria over the past 15 years and a consideration of the fatal complications of vacinnation, as quoted by Ehrengut, reveals that the risks of the disease balanced the risks of vaccination with usual vaccines, already in 1971 (1976 with WHO data). A beneficial effect of BCG vaccination is still present, but the influence on mortality figures is very slight only. However, the benefit of BCG may lie in the prevention of deaths from leukaemia observed by some authors. Paraspecific effects of some vaccinations are mentioned. Finally, cost-benefit calculations for Austria are presented in the case of vaccination against measles and mumps, which appear to be highly recommendable, not only from the medical, but also the economic point of view.
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PMID:[Modern trends in vaccination policy: evaluation of benefits, risks and cost (author's transl)]. 10 58

Primary cell cultures as well as established lines have been grown on a recently developed microcarrier configuration that overcomes the problem of toxicity attendant on earlier developments in this technology. Virus yields from these cells propagated on the new microcarriers have been measured. Microcarrier-grown cells, when compared to roller-bottle-grown cells, gave virus yields on a per-cell basis that varied from slightly greater with the Sindbis virus-Chinese hamster ovary cells and polio-WI-38 combinations to approximately one-third with Moloney murine leukemia virus-Cl-1 mouse cells and vesicular stomatitis virus-chicken embryo fibroblasts. Yields ranged from 8.0 X 10(7) to 3.6 X 10(8) cells per 100-ml microcarrier culture and from 3.7 X 10(7) to 4.1 X 20(8) cells per roller-bottle culture. Secondary chicken embryo fibroblast yields were approximately four times as great in microcarrier cultures as in standard roller-bottle cultures, per unit volume of medium consumed. In spite of the reduced virus yields per cell seen in some instances, the greater cellular productivity of microcarrier cultures appears to hold great promise for large-scale virus production. Optimizing microcarrier conditions for specific cell-virus systems should result in improved yields.
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PMID:Virus production with a newly developed microcarrier system. 20 93

Of 13 cancers that tend to occur at lower rates in aboriginal Americans or in the native lands of Japanese, Chinese, and Spanish-speaking persons than in United States whites, rates for all but one (laryngeal) have increased in migrants to the United States. In addition to leukemia, these 13 cancers include neoplasms that have been related, at least in part, to a diet high in animal fats or proteins (colon and rectum cancer); reproductive and endocrinologic factors and a diet high in animal fats or protein (prostate, ovary, corpus uteri, breast, and testis cancer); chemical carcinogens (lung, larynx, bladder, and pancreas cancer); and a common infectious agent that, like polio viruses, causes clinically overt disease with a frequency directly related to age of patient at initial infection (Hodgkin's disease). Of 9 cancers that occur at higher rates in aboriginal Americans or in one or more of the native lands of migrants than in United States whites, the rates of 5 tend to decrease in migrants. These include cancers that may be related to food preservation (stomach cancer); products of microorganisms that may contaminate foods (esophagus and liver cancer); and infectious agents (nasopharynx, cervix uteri, and liver cancer). In addition, rates of cancer of the thyroid are high in aboriginal Americans; those of the gallbladder are high in individuals of native American ancestry and in Japanese; incidence of salivary gland tumors is high in Alaskan natives and Colombians; and rates of kidney cancer are high in Alaskan natives. Five types of epidemiologic studies are described that should be conducted in the migrants and in their countries of origin and adoption to elucidate further the etiology of various neoplasms.
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PMID:Epidemiologic studies of cancer in minority groups in the western United States. 53 17

The material consists of malignant tumours in childhood notified to the Finnish Cancer Registry in 1959-1968. The maternity health centre cards for these children were collected through the National Board of Health. The immediately preceding parturient of the same maternity health centre was selected as the control. The number of complete pairs obtained for the final analysis was 972. All data concerning the parents, the pregnancy, parturition and the child were extracted from the cards. Information on the cancer patient and the paired control was compared. The results are presented as a comparison of the total tumour series and the controls, but also in smaller sub-groups: leukaemias (373 cases), brain tumours (245 cases) and other tumours (354 cases). Other tumours are further divided into: kidney tumours (96), eye tumours (37) and bone tumours (56). No significant correlations were found between potential aetiologic factors and the cases of cancer. The risk ratio for leukaemia in the group with pelvic radiography was 1.9, and in the group given vaccination against polio 1.8. However, because of the rare occurrence of the exposure mentioned these groups were small and the increase in the risk ratio statistically insignificant. BCG vaccination of children was common (90%) and no differences were established between the tumour and the control groups in this respect.
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PMID:Prenatal and perinatal factors in childhood cancer. 93 91

A series of 972 childhood malignancies was compared with a control series of healthy children matched for date and place of birth. Several variables were tested for possible aetiological significance. The information was obtained from the Finnish Cancer Registry and from the antenatal records of the mothers. No significant associations were found between the various types of malignancies and the variables studied. In the group consisting of all malignancies, a risk ratio of 2.0 could be significantly excluded for most variables. In the leukaemia group, both pelvic X-ray and polio vaccination were associated with slightly elevated risk ratios, but the differences between this group and the match controls were not statistically significant. BCG vaccination was performed during the perinatal period in 90% of the children, but the proportion was the same in the study and control groups, and hence the hypothesis that this vaccination confers protection was not supported. The information is considered prospective and relatively reliable, and the authors suggest that these data may be useful when more extensive series are compiled from various sources.
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PMID:Risk indicators in childhood malignancies. 115 Mar 48

Although the majority of mouse strains infected with lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV) do not show any particular symptoms, the virus is able to induce acute poliomyelitis in C58 or AKR mice. Murine leukaemia virus (MuLV) has been detected at a high titre in the spinal cord of affected mice. In this study, we have analysed the possible role of MuLV in the induction of neurological disease by LDV. Immunofluorescent staining, autoradiography and an infectivity assay of virus yield have shown that LDV replicated in continuous mouse and rat cell lines that had been infected with an ecotropic MuLV isolated from C58 mice, but did not replicate in cells not infected with MuLV. No significant differences in infection were observed among the various ecotropic MuLVs employed, except for Friend leukaemia virus which rendered the cells susceptible to LDV least efficiently. The infectivity of the neurovirulent strain, LDV-C, to MuLV-infected cells was 50- to 100-fold greater than that of the avirulent strains (LDV-N, -Nu, -R and -P). The infectivity to macrophages was almost the same for virulent and avirulent strains. Adsorption studies using a radiolabelled virus revealed that LDV-C was adsorbed to MuLV-infected cells more efficiently than the avirulent strain, LDV-N. The difference in infectivity to these cells, therefore, may be due in part to the difference in adsorption rate. This may suggest differences in the interaction of the viral proteins with MuLV-infected cells from those with macrophages at the initiation of virus infection. These results may be relevant to the mechanisms of paralytic disease caused by LDV infection in C58 mice.
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PMID:Replication of lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus in cells infected with murine leukaemia viruses in vitro. 165 56

A series of 3'-deoxy-3'-fluoro- and 2'-azido-2',3'-dideoxy-3'-fluoro-D-ribofuranosides of natural heterocyclic bases have been synthesized with the use of universal carbohydrate precursors, viz., 1-O-acetyl-2,5-di-O-benzoyl-3-deoxy-3-fluoro-D-ribofuranose and methyl 2-azido-5-O-benzoyl-2,3-dideoxy-3-fluoro-beta-D-ribofuranoside, respectively. The cytostatic and antiviral activity of the compounds was evaluated against a variety of tumor cell lines and DNA/RNA viruses, respectively. As the most active compound, from both a cytostatic and antiviral activity viewpoint, emerged 3'-deoxy-3'-fluoroadenosine. It inhibited the proliferation of some tumor cell lines (i.e. murine leukemia L1210 and human T-lymphocyte MT-4) at a concentration of 0.2-2 micrograms/mL, and proved inhibitory to the replication of positive-stranded RNA viruses (i.e. polio, Coxsackie, Sindbis, Semliki forest), double-stranded RNA viruses (i.e. reo), and some DNA viruses (i.e. vaccinia) at a concentration of 1-4 micrograms/mL, which is well below the cytotoxicity threshold (40 micrograms/mL).
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PMID:Synthesis and antiviral and cytostatic properties of 3'-deoxy-3'-fluoro- and 2'-azido-3'-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxy-D-ribofuranosides of natural heterocyclic bases. 206 92

To focus attention on the problem of infant mortality in Lebanon, data were compiled on infant mortality from 1978 to 1986 at the American University of Beirut Medical Center. Causes of death are analyzed for 602 males and 398 females. 54.9% deaths occurred at 1 month of age and 77.4% died within the 1st year. Autopsies were performed on .7%. 37.7% of all neonatal deaths were due to neonatal diseases such as hyaline membrane disease, asphyxia neonatorum, immaturity, necrotizing enterocolitis, hemorrhage, hemolysis, meconium aspiration, and kernicterus. Better prenatal care would reduce this group, or the administration of corticosteroids to the mother 24-48 hours prior to delivery, as well as rapid resuscitation at birth and prevention of the 5 curses: hypoxemia, hypoglycemia, hypothermia, hypotension, and acidosis. Although unavailable in Lebanon, administration of surfactants through an endotracheal tube would also help. Infections constitute 25.1% of deaths; many are preventable through adequate public health measures and strict personal hygiene, i.e., diseases such as sepsis, pneumonia, meningitis, gastroenteritis, hepatitis, encephalitis, and 1-2 cases of the following: diphtheria, measles, peritonitis, tetanus, tuberculosis, cytomegalis inclusion, herpes, parathyphoid, pertussis, poliomyelitis, and shigellosis. Congenital diseases were 21.6%. In utero diagnosis could prevent some diseases and in utero treatment is possible for hydrocephalus and hydronephrosis. Screening programs postnatally could lead to treatment. 5.9% were malignancies such as leukemia, lymphoma, brain tumors, histocytosis, Wilm's tumor, Ewing sarcoma, and Hodgkin's disease. Early diagnosis is critical if mortality is to be reduced in this group, but medical advances are still needed. 2.9% are miscellaneous diseases such as poisoning, rheumatic diseases, marasmus, Reye's syndrome, nephrosis, rickets, and epilepsy. Most of these diseases are preventable, except for rheumatic inflammation of the heart. Recommended necessary steps to reduce infant mortality are: prenatal care, diagnosis and screening, intrauterine surgery; resuscitation and intensive care centers with modern equipment and trained personnel; national vaccination and screening programs; adequate public health measures and hygiene; parental education; and well-equipped hospitals to serve all regardless of income level.
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PMID:Pediatric mortality: an avoidable tragedy. 251 28

The widespread presence of endogenous retroviruses in the genomes of animals and humans has suggested that these viruses may be involved in both normal and abnormal developmental processes. Previous studies have indicated the involvement of endogenous ecotropic murine leukemia virus (MuLV) in the development of age-dependent poliomyelitis caused by infection of old C58 or AKR mice by lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV). The only genetic components which segregate with susceptibility to LDV-induced paralytic disease are multiple proviral copies of ecotropic MuLV and the permissive allele, at the Fv-1 locus, for N-tropic, ecotropic virus replication (Fv-1n/n). Using in situ hybridization and Northern (RNA) blot hybridization, we have correlated the expression of the endogenous MuLV, both temporally and spatially, with LDV infection of anterior horn motor neurons and the development of paralysis. Our data indicate that treatment of 6- to 7-month-old C58/M mice with cyclophosphamide, which renders these mice susceptible to LDV-induced paralytic disease, results in transient increases in ecotropic MuLV RNA levels in motor neurons throughout the spinal cord. Peripheral inoculation of C58/M mice with LDV, at the time of elevated MuLV RNA levels, results in a rapid spread of LDV to some spinal cord motor neurons. LDV infections then spread slowly but progressively throughout the spinal cord, involving an increasing number of motor neurons. LDV replication is cytocidal and results in neuron destruction and paralysis of the infected animals 2 to 3 weeks postinfection. The slow replication of LDV in the spinal cord contrasts sharply with the rapid replication of LDV in macrophages, the normal host cells for LDV, during the acute phase of infection. The data indicate that the interaction between the endogenous MuLV with the generally nonpathogenic murine togavirus LDV occurs at the level of the motor neuron. We discuss potential mechanisms for the novel dual-virus etiology of age-dependent poliomyelitis of mice.
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PMID:Age-dependent poliomyelitis of mice: expression of endogenous retrovirus correlates with cytocidal replication of lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus in motor neurons. 255 Jun 70

A nationwide vaccination campaign with oral poliovirus vaccine was organized in Finland in 1985 to halt an outbreak of poliomyelitis. Immunocompromised persons and their household contacts were excluded from the oral poliovirus vaccine target group and given instead a dose of inactivated poliovirus vaccine. This gave us an opportunity to determine whether immunocompromised persons are protected from poliomyelitis during an outbreak and oral poliovirus campaign. Fourteen children, ages 3 to 17 years, with leukemia were given a booster dose of a novel high antigen content, trivalent inactivated poliovirus vaccine. All but two responded by an at least 4-fold increase in serum-neutralizing antibodies to at least one poliovirus serotype. These results indicate that children with acute lymphocytic leukemia in remission respond well to a booster dose of inactivated poliovirus vaccine. Antibody concentrations to the uncommon local epidemic strain of type 3 poliovirus remained, however, relatively low in most patients (median, 1:6) suggesting relatively impaired heterologous response to vaccination. Possible spread of live vaccine viruses to the inactivated poliovirus-vaccinated children and their close contacts was evaluated by examining weekly fecal specimens from 20 children and their 19 regular adult contacts for cytopathic viruses. No polioviruses were isolated from 224 specimens examined, indicating that this high risk population was well-protected from unintended exposure to live polioviruses.
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PMID:Antipolio prophylaxis of immunocompromised children during a nationwide oral poliovaccine campaign. 282 5


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