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Query: UMLS:C0023418 (leukemia)
 93,477 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Radiation therapy plays an important role as an adjunctive treatment modality with surgery and/or chemotherapy in a number of primary and secondary CNS neoplasms, including glioblastoma multiforme, lower grade gliomas, brainstem tumors, medulloblastoma, ependymoma, most pituitary and parapituitary tumors, brain metastases, and epidural spinal cord metastases; it also has an important function in the total management of childhood leukemia. Radiation therapy can also be extremely effective as the primary or sole treatment of pituitary adenomas, craniopharyngioma, and cerebral and epidural metastases. The relative roles of, and indications for, surgery versus irradiation have been discussed. There is clearly a need for more information regarding the natural history relative response of specific tumors to the various therapeutic modalities available, as well as the most effective and safe ways to combine treatments. To this end, it is mandatory that surgeons, radiotherapists, neurologists, pathologists, and internists begin to intercommunicate more freely and objectively. Hopefully, in areas that continue to be controversial, well-designed clinical trials can begin to furnish the necessary answers. This is particularly relevant as all of the disciplines mentioned are developing newer and hopefully more effective diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities.
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PMID:Role of radiation therapy in the management of neoplasms of the central nervous system. 18 Jul 77

Cytologic examination of cerebrospinal fluid was performed in 1,021 patients, using Nuclepore and Millipore filter techniques. Positive findings were obtained in 89 cases, including 40 with primary central nervous system tumors, 24 with metastatic tumors and 25 with leukemic or lymphomatous involvement. When correlated with histologic findings, the overall detection rate was 32.2 per cent for primary tumors, 53.3 per cent for metastatic tumors and 65.8 per cent for leukemia and lymphoma. Highest degree of accuracy in the primary tumor group was achieved with medulloblastoma (61.9 per cent). Among metastatic tumors, those originating in the lung (70 per cent) and breast (83 per cent) were the one most often detected. Comparison of the two filter techniques indicated a slightly higher detection rate when the Millipore filter was used. The reasons for this are not entirely clear, but increased cellular yield with the Millipore filter may be an important factor. The cytocentrifuge method was found to be generally inferior to either of the filter techniques in quality of cell preservation. Our findings indicate that diagnostic usefulness of cerebrospinal cytology depends on collection and preparation methods as well as the anatomic distribution and biologic behavior of the lesions.
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PMID:Cerebrospinal fluid cytology: diagnostic accuracy and comparison of different techniques. 18 97

A combination of radiotherapy and cytostatic drugs was used in the treatment of 39 children with primary brain tumour between 1961 and 1974, and 40 children with acute lymphoid leukaemia between 1971 and 1974. Best results were obtained with medulloblastoma using cerebrospinal radiotherapy and cytostatic drugs: 10 of 17 children are still alive. Of 40 children with acute lymphoid leukaemia 18 are still alive after cerebrospinal or cranial radiotherapy. The side effects of the combined therapy were within justifiable limits.
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PMID:[Combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy of the central nervous system in malignant neoplasms of children (author's transl)]. 105 5

A study on the prevalence of cancer at autopsy in Chilean children with special reference to leukaemia, was made. In a series of 15300 consecutive autopsies of Chileans, 70% of deceased patients had an autopsy. Of these 15300 cases (male:female ratio 1:0.92) 6431 were children (0-15 years of age); 90% of deceased children patients had an autopsy. The autopsy population of children and adults is a homogeneous ethnic group, and exhibits a low socioeconomic level. Data on the 6431 post-mortem examinations (1945-1966) came from the atuopsy records of five hospitals (four of them are teaching hospitals) in the city of Santiago. Each one of the leukaemia and solid tumour cases were diagnosed microscopically. In the children population, 54.92% were males and 45.08% were females. Of the 6431 autopsies, 142 exhibited cancer (2.21%), 2.43% being male cases and 1.93% being female cases. The autopsy cases showed a marked excess of boys (73.92%) and girls (69.77%) under 1 year of age. The prevalence of major morphological groups of cancer was as follows: leukaemias 50.70%, intracranial and other neural neoplasms 25.35%, malignant lymphomas, including Hodgkin's disease, 14.07%, and mixed malignant tumours (Wilms' tumour) 4.93%. 4.93%. Acute leukaemias (42.96%), medulloblastoma (7.65%), Hodgkin's disease (6.34%), Wilms' tumour (4.93%), and lymphosarcoma (4.93%) were the most prevalent types of cancer. Leukaemia cases had a corrected male:female ratio of 1:0.61. The prevalence of leukaemia in the atuopsy population was 1.12%.
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PMID:Malignant disease of infancy and childhood with special reference to leukaemia: a survey of 6431 autopsy cases. 126 15

Merocyanine 540 (MC 540), a photosensitizing dye, has been used in preclinical studies and in a phase I clinical trial for the purging of leukemia, lymphoma, and neuroblastoma cells from bone marrow grafts. We evaluated MC 540 as an agent for the inactivation of brain tumor cell lines of medulloblastoma or glioma origin. The U373 glioma and 74SA medulloblastoma demonstrated significantly reduced survival as determined by in vitro clonogenic assay compared to normal glial cells when exposed to MC 540 and light. U87 glioma and Daoy medulloblastoma, however, were less sensitive than normal glial cells to MC 540 photoinactivation. In vivo injection of MC 540 into mice with malignant brain tumors disclosed greater dye incorporation into the malignant tissue compared with normal control mice brains or normal tissue surrounding the brain tumor. Increased uptake of MC 540 was observed in mice injected with either photosensitive (U373 and 74SA) or photoresistant (Daoy) cell lines. These data suggest that MC 540 may be an effective agent against certain brain tumors and that dye uptake in vivo does not reflect photosensitivity.
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PMID:Interactions of merocyanine 540 with human brain tumor cells. 158 Sep 54

Leukemia of mixed lineage, was diagnosed in a 6.5-year-old boy with a history of medulloblastoma, 38 months after his initial cancer diagnosis. Therapy had included craniospinal radiation and nitrosourea-based chemotherapy. In addition, onset of leukemia was preceded by therapy with recombinant growth hormone for short stature. Although rare, leukemia is a treatment-related complication for patients with past brain tumors whose follow-up should therefore include surveillance with complete blood counts.
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PMID:Leukemia in a child with a history of medulloblastoma. 202 61

Survival rates were analysed for a population-based series of over 15,000 childhood cancers registered in Great Britain during 1971-85. There were highly significant improvements (P less than 0.001 for trend) in survival for many major diagnostic groups. Between 1971-73 and 1983-85 the actuarial 5-year survival rates increased from 37% to 70% for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, from 4% to 26% for acute non-lymphoblastic leukaemia, from 76% to 88% for Hodgkin's disease, from 22% to 70% for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, from 61% to 72% for astrocytoma, from 24% to 42% for medulloblastoma, from 15% to 43% for neuroblastoma, from 58% to 79% for Wilms' tumour, from 17% to 54% for osteosarcoma, from 26% to 61% for rhabdomyosarcoma, from 59% to 94% for malignant testicular germ-cell tumours and from 43% to 77% for malignant ovarian germ-cell tumours. These increases in population-based survival rates reflect the substantial advances in treatment of a wide range of childhood cancers since 1970. The two principal diagnostic groups for which there was no evidence of any trend were retinoblastoma, which already had an excellent prognosis with a 5-year survival rate of over 85%, and Ewing's sarcoma, for which the survival rate remained below 45%.
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PMID:Trends in survival for childhood cancer in Britain diagnosed 1971-85. 217 43

An investigation of 749 deaths occurring among 4082 patients surviving at least five years after the diagnosis of childhood cancer in Britain before 1971 has been undertaken. Of the 738 with sufficient information the numbers of deaths attributable to the following causes were: recurrent tumour, 550 (74%), a second primary tumour, 61 (8%), a medical condition related to treatment of the tumour, 49 (7%), an traumatic death unrelated to the tumour or its treatment, 34 (5%), finally, any other cause unrelated to the tumour or its treatment, 44 (6%). Less than 10% of five year survivors of non-Hodgkin lymphomas, neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, Wilms' tumour, or a soft tissue sarcoma died of recurrent tumour during the next 15 years, while more than 25% of five year survivors of Hodgkin's disease, ependymoma, medulloblastoma, and Ewing's tumour died of recurrent tumour during the corresponding period. Almost 50% of five year survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia died of recurrent disease during the corresponding 15 years, a large proportion of deaths being due to central nervous system relapse in an era before central nervous system prophylaxis was routinely given. Comparison of the mortality observed with that expected from mortality rates in the general population indicated three times the expected number of deaths from non-neoplastic causes. Five times the expected number of deaths from cardiovascular causes were observed, these were predominantly myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular accidents. There was no evidence of an excess in the number of suicides observed, but there were three times the expected number of deaths from accidents observed after central nervous system tumours. Two groups of patients were identified whose deaths were potentially avoidable. Seven patients with craniopharyngioma and panhypopituitarism presented with addisonian crises during periods of stress not adequately covered by exogenous corticosteroids. In the other group were children who received radiotherapy and later developed problems related to radiation fibrosis. We emphasize that our investigation relates to patients diagnosed with childhood cancer before 1971. The pattern of mortality that will emerge after recent treatment regimens, in which chemotherapy is being used more extensively, is likely to be different from that observed in our study.
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PMID:Late deaths after treatment for childhood cancer. 227 Sep 44

Between December 1986 and December 1988, the Italian Cooperative Group on AIDS-Related Tumours documented 49 HIV-related tumours other than malignant lymphomas (ML) and Kaposi's sarcomas (KS), predominantly among HIV-infected intravenous drug abusers (IVDA). Of 12 germinal testicular tumours collected, six were seminomas, two of which were pure embryonal and the other four embryonal mixed. Cervical carcinoma was observed in nine IVDAs (intraepithelial in eight and advanced, with rapid progression, in one). Lung cancer associated with HIV infection was reported in eight patients, of whom four had an adenocarcinoma, two a small cell carcinoma, one an epidermoid carcinoma and one a mesothelioma. All patients with non-small-cell-lung cancer (SCLC) were at stage III, while those with SCLC and mesothelioma had limited disease. Five out of eight presented with limited disease at onset. The median age was low; lung cancer occurred predominantly in young adults, of whom all but one were smokers. Three patients could not be treated; four died while on treatment because of progression of the neoplasia and one died of an overdose. Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) was diagnosed in five patients. The immunophenotype was always Burkitt-like (L3), and acute myeloblastic leukaemia (M2) was diagnosed in one. Of the central nervous system (CNS) tumours, two cases of glioblastoma and one of medulloblastoma were described. Two cases of young adults with multiple myeloma and two cases of colorectal carcinoma were also reported. One case of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, one anorectal carcinoma, one oral carcinoma, one pancreatic carcinoma, one thymoma, one kidney carcinoma, one malignant melanoma and thyroid carcinoma were also found.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Unusual malignant tumours in 49 patients with HIV infection. 250 49

External cranial radiation for the treatment of malignant diseases has become a frequent cause of growth hormone deficiency (GHD). The timing of occurrence and the frequency of GHD were related to the hypothalamic-pituitary radiation dose. Frequency varied from 50% in leukemia (2400 cGy) to 75% in face and neck tumors or medulloblastoma (2500-4500 cGy) and up to 100% in optic glioma (greater than 4500 cGy). The significantly more severe growth deficit in patients with GHD given higher radiation doses suggests different levels of residual GH secretion according to radiation dosage. The minimum harmful radiation dose is probably close to 1800-2000 cGy. Our data show that stimulation tests remain a useful means of defining GHD and predicting growth. A fair agreement between GH secretion and growth was found in most cases, regardless of the radiation dose. The only exception was a group of leukemic children (2400 cGy) who achieved normal prepubertal growth despite a low GH response. The 24-h spontaneous plasma GH profiles and IGF-I measurements may add information if growth is retarded despite a normal GH response. We showed that growth retardation occurring after some schedules of total body irradiation was not due to GH deficiency but rather to radiation-induced skeletal lesions. Early or true precocious puberty, generally associated with GHD, was another cause of height loss. As the role of GH deficiency in the final height reduction was demonstrated in all groups of patients after cranial radiation, we suggest that hGH therapy should be considered in any child with proven GH deficiency and significant growth retardation after such radiation.
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PMID:Growth and endocrine disorders secondary to cranial irradiation. 266 28


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