Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0023418 (leukemia)
 93,477 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Updated data from two series in a cancer mortality study for a total of 412 Japanese Thorotrast patients were combined. The rate ratio for all deaths of Thorotrast patients, compared to controls, started to increase after a latent period of 20 years after injection of Thorotrast. Rate ratios for liver cancer, liver cirrhosis, leukemia and lung cancer were 35.9, 6.9, 12.5 and 2.0 times higher, respectively, than those for controls.
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PMID:Summary of entire Japanese thorotrast follow-up study: updated 1998. 1056 43

Vibrio parahemolyticus (V. parahemolyticus) is a halophilic gram-negative bacillus that lives in the ocean. It is the leading cause of infectious diarrhea in Taiwan and sometimes produces soft tissue infections, but it is rarely a cause of bacteremia. There have been only 11 cases reported in the literature. Most of the cases involved a history of ingestion of seafood or exposure to seawater. In addition, those patients were all immunosuppressed, especially with leukemia and cirrhosis. We report a 60-year-old male patient with chronic hepatitis C and adrenal insufficiency. He developed V. parahemolyticus bacteremia following ingestion of seafood one week prior to admission. His condition was complicated with neck and right lower leg soft tissue infection, as well as multiple organ failure. The patient survived after intravenous ceftazidime, oral doxycycline, and surgical debridement. To our knowledge, this is the 12th reported cases on Medline, and the second bacteremic case in Taiwan. After reviewing the literature, we suggest that all patients with immunosuppressed conditions or adrenal insufficiency should eat foods that are well cooked and avoid raw seafood. Moreover, when patients who are at risk to develop fever, diarrhea, and soft tissue infection after ingestion of seafood, V. parahemolyticus infection should be suspected. All culture specimens should be inoculated on Vibrios selective media.
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PMID:Vibrio parahemolyticus bacteremia: case report. 1058 27

Under recent healthcare reforms, the urgent need for establishing evidence-based healthcare and for economic evaluation has been emphasized. Cancer not only accounts for a major burden of diseases, but also has major economic impacts on both individual patients and society. Most cancer therapies are essentially high-cost and high-technology, and provide uncertain outcomes. Concerns about the appropriate choice and utilization of cancer therapy is increasing. However, economic evaluations for cancer therapy are lacking in a number of areas, despite recent advances. In Japan, to catch up with international trends, serious efforts to generate better evidence for economic evaluation of cancer therapy have recently been made. A league table for economic evaluation of cancer therapy in Japan has been constructed, based on results including preventive antiemetic treatment, breast conserving and post-adjuvant therapy for early breast cancer, bone marrow transplantation for leukemia, interferon treatment for hepatitis C with liver cirrhosis, and others. This information shows substantial possibilities for evaluating the value-for-money of cancer therapy. This may lead to the establishment of an effective and efficient healthcare system in Japan.
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PMID:[Cost-effectiveness of cancer therapy]. 1096 88

Over 90% of intravenous heroin addicts (IVHAs) carry the hepatitis C virus (HCV). The other hepatitis viruses, A, B, D, and G are relatively unimportant in IVHAs compared to HCV although active hepatitis B may demonstrate a chronic, degenerative course identical to that of HCV. The clinical course of HCV and active hepatitis B may span three or more decades. It is helpful to classify patients as in the active, cirrhosis, or liver failure stages. Only in the active, early stage are the liver enzymes, ALT and AST, likely to be elevated. It is this stage that will most likely respond to antiviral therapy. HCV has so many extra-hepatic manifestations including immune suppression, collagen diseases, and possibly lymphoma and leukemia that the disease is best termed HCV syndrome rather than simple hepatitis.
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PMID:Hepatitis C, B, D, and A: contrasting features and liver function abnormalities in heroin addicts. 1128 27

The present investigation represents an update of a previous cohort mortality study of 7543 workers who were employed at a petroleum refinery in Beaumont, Texas, for at least 1 year between 1945 and 1996. The updated study covered an observation period of 51 years, from 1946 to 1996, with a total of 208,627 person-years of observation. A total of 3020 (40.0%) cohort members were known to have died. The mortality data were analyzed in terms of cause-specific standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). The overall mortality of the cohort was significantly lower than expected when compared with that of the general US population (SMR, 95.7; 95% CI, 92.3 to 99.2). Overall cancer mortality was also lower than expected (SMR, 85.8; 95% CI, 79.4 to 92.5). For specific cancer sites, significant mortality deficits were observed for the following: buccal cavity and pharynx, esophagus, large intestine, rectum, larynx, lung, and bladder and other urinary organs. No significant increase was reported for any site-specific cancer. A non-significant increase in acute myeloid leukemia was observed among male employees (SMR, 147.2; 95% CI, 76.1 to 257.2). Detailed analyses indicated that the excess was restricted to workers hired before 1950. No increase was detected for other leukemia cell-types, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, or multiple myeloma. For non-malignant diseases, the majority of SMRs were below 100, and no significant increase was observed for any cause. In particular, significant mortality deficits were reported for ischemic heart disease (SMR, 91.0; 95% CI, 85.4 to 96.9), non-malignant respiratory disease (SMR, 61.5; 95% CI, 52.2 to 72.0), pulmonary fibrosis (SMR, 51.0; 95% CI, 22.0 to 100.4), cirrhosis of the liver (SMR, 47.2; 95% CI, 30.6 to 69.7), and accidents (SMR, 81.7; 95% CI, 66.3 to 99.6). Separate analyses of male workers by job classification (process and maintenance) were conducted. Mortality from acute myeloid leukemia was elevated among employees in maintenance jobs (8 observed deaths vs 4.31 expected; SMR, 185.5; 95% CI, 80.1 to 365.6). However, no upward trend by length of service was found. A detailed analysis indicated that the acute myeloid leukemia mortality excess was limited to maintenance workers who were hired before 1950. No other significant excess was detected for any cause among maintenance or process workers. These findings from the present study were discussed in conjunction with results from previous investigations of employees at the Beaumont refinery and with results from other refinery studies. Potential limitations of the study were also discussed.
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PMID:An updated mortality study of workers at a petroleum refinery in Beaumont, Texas, 1945 to 1996. 1132

There is general consensus that a prophylactic pre-transfusion trigger at 10.000 platelets/microL in stable oncohematological patients is as safe as the traditional trigger of 20.000/microL, and that perioperative triggers at 50.000 and 100.000/microL are adequate in most surgical and neurosurgical conditions respectively. Guidelines on the trigger and other issues related to platelet transfusion can be found in nine documents published during 1987-2001 by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the British Committee on Standardization in Hematology, the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, the College of American Pathologists, the American Society of Anesthesiology and the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO). Although consensus may be less evident on specific triggers for 'difficult' patients, the following triggers, listed by progressively increasing levels, have been proposed in the literature and have found general agreement: a stable oncohematological recipient: 10.000; lumbar puncture in a stable pediatric leukemic patient: 10.000; thrombocytopenia secondary to gpIIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors [corrected]:10.000; bone marrow aspiration and biopsy: 20.000; gastrointestinal endoscopy in cancer: 20.000-40.000; disseminated intravascular coagulation: 20.000-50.000; fiber-optic bronchoscopy in a bone marrow transplant recipient: 20.000-50.000; neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: 30.000; major surgery in leukemia: 50.000; thrombocytopenia secondary to massive transfusion: 50.000; invasive procedures in cirrhosis: 50.000; cardiopulmonary bypass: 50.000-60.000; liver biopsy: 50.000-100.000; a nonbleeding premature infant: 60.000; neurosurgery: 100.000. The proposed values must be considered within the context of careful clinical evaluation of each individual patient, and attention should be given to the power of discrimination of platelet counters at low counts and to the prompt availability of good quality platelet products in the case of emergency.
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PMID:Platelet transfusion trigger in difficult patients. 1149 71

We report a case of a female patient with portal hypertension due to liver cirrhosis. In this case, MR imaging revealed small siderotic nodules of the spleen, called Gamna-Gandy bodies. These lesions are found in patients with portal vein or splenic vein thrombosis, hemolytic anemia, leukemia, or lymphoma, patients receiving blood transfusions, acquired hemochromatosis, or paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. There are only few reports in the literature about these siderotic nodules which are not very familiar. MR imaging seems to be the superior imaging method for detection of these lesions. It is important to consider Gamna-Gandy bodies in the differential diagnosis of portal hypertension and the other diseases mentioned above.
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PMID:Gamna-Gandy bodies of the spleen detected with MR imaging: a case report. 1175 37

We studied the alpha-radiation risks in patients who received injections of Thorotrast, an X-ray contrast medium used in Europe, Japan, and the United States from 1930 to 1955. Thorotrast was composed of thorium dioxide (ThO2) and Th-232, a naturally occurring radionuclide. Because the physical half-life of ThO2 is 14 billion years and Thorotrast is hardly eliminated from the body, tissues in which it was deposited are irradiated by alpha-radiation for the entire lifetime of the subject. The dosimetry of Thorotrast patients is very complicated, but currently its reliability is quite high compared with other irradiated populations. The major causes of the death of Thorotrast patients are liver cancer, liver cirrhosis, leukemia, and other cancers. Three histologies of liver cancer are found: cholangiocarcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and angiosarcoma. Although cholangiocarcinoma is the most frequent, angiosarcoma is characteristic of alpha-radiation. Among blood neoplasms with a higher incidence of increase than the general population, erythroleukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome were remarkable. Thorotrast patients exhaled a high concentration of radon (Rn-220), a progeny of Th-232, but no excesses of lung cancer in the patients of Japan, Germany, and Denmark were reported. Mutation analyses of p53 genes and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) studies at 17p locus were performed to characterize the genetic changes in Thorotrast-induced liver tumors. Interestingly, LOH, supposedly corresponding to large deletions was not frequent; most mutations were transitions, also seen in tumors of the general population, suggesting that genetic changes of Thorotrast-induced cancers are mainly delayed mutations, and not the result of the direct effects of radiation.
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PMID:Alpha-particle carcinogenesis in Thorotrast patients: epidemiology, dosimetry, pathology, and molecular analysis. 1179 40

Elevated levels of serum cobalamin may be a sign of a serious, even life-threatening, disease. Diseases such as chronic myeloid leukaemia, promyelocytic leukaemia, polycythaemia vera and hypereosinophilic syndrome are often accompanied by markedly elevated levels of cobalamin in the blood. A rise in the serum cobalamin concentration is one of the diagnostic criteria for polycythaemia vera and hypereosinophilic syndrome. In haematological disorders, the increase in circulating cobalamin levels is predominantly caused by enhanced production of haptocorrin. Several liver diseases such as acute hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver, hepatocellular carcinoma and metastatic liver disease can also be accompanied by an increase in circulating cobalamin. In liver diseases, the increase in cobalamin is predominantly caused by cobalamin release during hepatic cytolysis and/or through decreased clearance of circulating cobalamin by the affected liver. Liver disorders are not an indication for determining the serum cobalamin concentration. However, a coincidentally observed elevated serum cobalamin concentration is reason for further investigation.
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PMID:[The significance of an elevated cobalamin concentration in the blood]. 1191 9

Allyl isovalerate, a synthetic fragrance and flavoring ingredient in use since the 1950's, may be found in various products at the following concentrations: soap, 30 ppm; detergent, 3 ppm; creams, 15 ppm; perfume, 50 ppm; nonalcoholic beverages, 9 ppm; ice cream, 18 ppm; candy, 22 ppm; baked goods, 15-48 ppm; and gelatins and puddings, 1 ppm. A colorless liquid with an apple-like odor and taste, allyl isovalerate is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use in foods. Specific production figures are not available, but U.S. production in 1980 exceeded 1,000 pounds. Carcinogenesis studies of allyl isovalerate (96% pure) were conducted by administering the test chemical in corn oil gavage to groups of 50 male and 50 female F344/N rats and to groups of 50 male and 50 female B6C3F1 mice at doses of 31 or 62 mg/kg. The doses selected were based on the chemically-induced toxic effects and depressed weight gains obtained from the 13-week studies. Doses were administered five times per week for 103 weeks. Groups of 50 rats and 50 mice of each sex received corn oil by gavage on the same dosing schedule and served as vehicle controls. Survival and mean body weight gain of rats of each sex and male mice were not adversely affected by the administration of allyl isovalerate. The significantly lower survival (P=0.001) and the lower mean body weight of low-dose female as compared with controls are likely consequences of the high incidence of a genital tract infection in the low-dose females. This infection was probably responsible for the deaths of 11/19 control, 22/33 low-dose, and 13/25 high-dose female mice that died before the end of the study. Squamous cell papillomas and epithelial hyperplasia of the nonglandular stomach were observed in dosed male mice in the 2-year studies (squamous cell papillomas: 0/50, 1/50, 2%, 3/48, 6%; epithelial hyperplasia: 1/50, 2%, 1/50, 2%, 7/48, 15%). The papillomas occurred with a significant positive trend (P<0.05). The incidence of high-dose male mice with squamous cell papillomas of the nonglandular stomach was also higher (P<0.01) than the historical rate for vehicle control male B6C3F1 mice in the Bioassay Program (5/881, 0.6%). Forestomach lesions were also observed in female mice: squamous cell papillomas (1/50, 0/50, 2/50) and epithelial hyperplasia of the nonglandular stomach (0/50, 2/50, 3/50). Pancreatic acinar-cell adenomas occurred at higher incidences in the dosed male rats than in the controls (control, 1/50, 2%; low-dose, 4/50, 8%; high-dose, 2/50, 4%). Pancreatic acinar-cell tumors were not observed in female rats. Preputial gland adenomas were observed in increased incidence in low-dose male rats (0/50, 4/50, 8%; P<0.05, 1/50, 2%). Mononuclear-cell leukemias in rats and lymphomas in mice occurred with increased incidences. This consistent dose-response increase among both rats and mice indicates that allyl isovalerate adversely affects the hematopoietic system. Cholangiofibrosis, nodular regeneration, cirrhosis, focal necrosis, fatty metamorphosis, and cytoplasmic vacuolization were observed at increased incidences in the livers of high-dose male and female rats in the 2-year study. No compound-related nonneoplastic lesions were observed in the mice of either sex. Liver neoplasms were not increased in either dosed rats or mice of either sex. Significant (P<0.05) decreases in tumor incidences were observed in male mice for hepatocellular carcinomas (18/50, 6/50, 9/50), for alveolar/bronchiolar adenomas or carcinomas (13/50, 6/50, 5/49), and for follicular-cell adenomas of the thyroid gland (5/47, 0/46, 1/49). Allyl isovalerate was not mutagenic for Salmonella typhimurium (tester strains TA 98, 100, 1535, and 1537) with or without metabolic activation. Under the conditions of these studies, allyl isovalerate was carcinogenic for F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice, causing increased incidences of hematopoietic system neoplasms (mononuclear-cell leukemia in male rats and lymphoma in female mice). Levels of Evidence of Carcinogenicity: Male Rats: Positive Female Rats: Negativen female mice). Levels of Evidence of Carcinogenicity: Male Rats: Positive Female Rats: Negative Male Mice: Negative Female Mice: Positive
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PMID:Carcinogenesis Studies of Allyl Isovalerate (CAS No. 2835-39-4) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Gavage Studies). 1274 92


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