Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0023418 (leukemia)
 93,477 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Interleukin 3 (IL-3) is a multipotent hematopoietic growth factor which became available as a recombinant (rh) growth factor for use in the clinic a few years ago. In dose-finding studies, this hematopoietic growth factor has been evaluated without and after standard chemotherapy. Stimulatory effects on leukocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, reticulocytes and platelets were observed in some studies. Chemotherapy postponement due to insufficient bone marrow recovery was less frequent when IL-3 was administered. There are some clinical studies available in which rhIL-3 is combined with rh granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). The results do not clearly suggest superiority of these combinations over rhGM-CSF alone, but this may be partly due to the time scheduling of the growth factors. Administration s.c. is not inferior to i.v. Side effects mainly consist of flu-like symptoms and headache. The role of rhIL-3 after high-dose chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow reinfusion is still questionable. The addition of rhIL-3 to rhGM-CSF both administered after chemotherapy may allow a very high yield of peripheral stem cells suitable for bone marrow reconstitution after high-dose chemotherapy. rhIL-3 can stimulate leukemia tumor cell proliferation in vitro as well as proliferation of solid tumor cell lines. It is not yet clear in which way rhIL-3 combined with chemotherapy will effect tumor response and patient survival. It is too early to define the exact place of rhIL-3 in oncology. Additional studies with rhIL-3 alone and in combination with other growth factors are needed.
 ...
PMID:Recombinant human interleukin 3 in clinical oncology. 845 87

Active immunization against measles, Haemophilus influenza B, tetanus, diphtheria, hepatitis B, influenza, poliomyelitis, and, when indicated varicella and pneumococcus induces long-lasting immunologic protection in most healthy pediatric vaccine recipients. Among children receiving immunosuppressive therapy for cancer, possible early loss of specific immunity acquired from prior vaccination or disease, and likely diminished responsiveness to initial or booster vaccination must be considered. In addition, the safety of vaccine administration requires separate study in this population. Published evidence demonstrates preservation of vaccine-induced antibody titers against tetanus, diphtheria, poliomyelitis and (in children treated for lymphoma) pneumococcus. In contrast, prior immunity to varicella, influenza, and hepatitis B (when naturally acquired), and measles (acquired by vaccination) is compromised during and/or after antineoplastic therapy. Studies of immunologic protection acquired by prior vaccination against hepatitis B, varicella, and H influenza have not been published. The safety of administering toxoids and inactivated vaccines in this population is well documented. In contrast, morbidity must be expected if live attenuated vaccines (oral polio vaccine, attenuated measles vaccine or attenuated varicella vaccine) are administered to children receiving anti-cancer therapy. The risks of using live vaccines should be measured against demonstrable benefits in any vaccine program. The response to initial or booster immunizations against tetanus and diphtheria are similar to those in healthy children. For all other immunizations reviewed, responsiveness is diminished during periods of chemotherapy, more strikingly in children treated for leukemia than for solid tumors. Antibody responses to these vaccines range from slightly blunted (in the case of H influenza B) to marginal (influenza) or completely useless (pneumococcus and hepatitis B in children treated for leukemia).
 ...
PMID:Active immunization of children with leukemia and other malignancies. 847 77

Thirty-one patients with large, focal cerebral demyelinating lesions are reported. Twenty-four patients had solitary lesions and 7 had multiple foci, the latter apparently of identical age. The lesions presented clinically and radiologically as brain tumors (gliomas or metastases) or as multiple cysts. Six patients were older than 57 years (2 in their 70s) at the onset of their symptoms. The demyelinating nature of the lesions was established through biopsy in each patient and all improved significantly after corticosteroid therapy. Three patients developed additional lesions during the follow-up periods ranging from 9 months to 12 years consistent with the course of multiple sclerosis. Twenty-eight patients did not develop additional lesions. These included 6 patients with multiple lesions at the onset. In 1 of the patients, the first symptoms developed 10 days after receiving vaccination against influenza. Two patients had concomitant malignancy (chronic monomyelogenous leukemia and retroperitoneal seminoma respectively) and 1 patient developed immunoblastic sarcoma in the opposite hemisphere after biopsy diagnosis and steroid treatment of her demyelinating lesion. Tumor-like masses of demyelination may occupy an intermediate position between multiple sclerosis and postinfectious/postvaccination encephalitis. The clinical course (history of vaccination in one instance, acute onset, good response to corticosteroids, no clinical or radiological evidence of new lesions in the great majority of patients) favored postinfectious/postvaccination encephalitis. Lesion size however greatly exceeded that of the small foci of perivenous demyelination seen in typical postinfectious/postvaccination encephalitis and tended to present as space-occupying masses.
 ...
PMID:Large focal tumor-like demyelinating lesions of the brain: intermediate entity between multiple sclerosis and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis? A study of 31 patients. 825 May 39

Recombinant human T-cell leukemia virus type II (HTLV-II) envelope external glycoprotein, gp46-II, was expressed using a vaccinia virus vector. A recombinant gp46-II fused to an epitope of the influenza virus hemagglutinin, YPYDVPDYA, was purified by immunoaffinity chromatography. The purified glycoprotein was used to immunize Balb/c mice, and antibodies against gp46-II were detected by Western blot analysis and syncytium inhibition assays. We transformed spleen cells from the immunized mice by retroviral infection with ABL-MYC (psi 2) and intraperitoneally transplanted the infected cells into syngeneic Balb/c and severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. The plasmacytomas established ascitic tumors that produced antibodies directed against HTLV-II gp46-II. Ascites developed more rapidly in SCID mice than in normal syngeneic mice. This procedure provides a general means to generate antibodies rapidly.
 ...
PMID:Rapid generation of antibodies against the HTLV-II external envelope protein by growth of mouse plasmacytomas in SCID mice. 855 76

We report the crystal structure of an extraviral segment of a retrovirus envelope protein, the Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMuLV) transmembrane (TM) subunit. This segment, which comprises a region of the MoMuLV TM protein analogous to that contained within the X-ray crystal structure of low-pH converted influenza hemagglutinin, contains a trimeric coiled coil, with a hydrophobic cluster at its base and a strand that packs in an antiparallel orientation against the coiled coil. This structure gives the first high-resolution insight into the retrovirus surface and serves as a model for a wide range of viral fusion proteins; key residues in this structure are conserved among C- and D-type retroviruses and the filovirus ebola.
 ...
PMID:Retrovirus envelope domain at 1.7 angstrom resolution. 861 78

A number of cytokines are used as haemopoietic growth factors and this review focuses on toxicities associated with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), interleukin (IL)-1, IL-3, IL-4, IL-6 and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). Both GM-CSF and G-CSF, currently approved for clinical use, are generally well tolerated by the majority of patients during short term administration. Constitutional symptoms and bone pain are the most frequently reported adverse effects, but they are rarely treatment-limiting. Reactivation of rheumatoid symptoms, and exacerbation of autoimmune thyroiditis or autoimmune haematological disorders have sometimes been described. Severe cardiovascular complications include the possibility for arterial thromboses and the vascular leak syndrome, which is more specifically observed with GM-CSF. Reports of several cases and small series of patients have suggested that growth factors might increase the pulmonary toxicity of chemotherapy, a possibility that remains debated and requires further attention. Generalised or local cutaneous reactions are frequently noted with GM-CSF. Leukocytoclastic vasculitis was observed with both growth factors, while neutrophilic dermatoses have been mostly described with G-CSF. Exacerbation of psoriasis and isolated anaphylactic reactions have appeared with GM-CSF and G-CSF. The hepatotoxic potential of the growth factors is not clearly established, but the occurrence of coagulation abnormalities has recently been reported. Renal and biological disturbances are usually transient. Long term treatment with GM-CSF and G-CSF also seems to be well tolerated, but the possible occurrence of several adverse events, i.e. bone disorders, leukaemia, unmasking or acceleration of underlying disease, require further investigation in patients receiving prolonged treatment, as in myelodysplasia. Finally, antibodies against growth factors have been reported only with GM-CSF. Other cytokines are still under investigation. Flu-like and constitutional symptoms, sometimes dose-limiting, have been reported with IL-1, IL-3, IL-4 and IL-6, while M-CSF was occasionally associated with such adverse effects. More specific adverse events, also frequently considered as dose-limiting toxicities, include hypotension with IL-1, severe headache or skin rash with IL-3, and nasal congestion and gastroduodenal lesions with IL-4. Severe capillary leak syndrome has been reported only with IL-4. M-CSF toxicity is minimal and limited to reversible but sometimes dose-limiting thrombocytopenia and ophthalmological symptoms with the recombinant product. Again, the safety of long term administration of these cytokines has not yet been determined, and IL-3-induced disease progression in myelodysplastic patients has been suggested.
 ...
PMID:Clinical toxicity of cytokines used as haemopoietic growth factors. 865 81

Recombinant pox viruses have been generated for vaccination against heterologous pathogens. Amongst these, the following are notable examples. (i) The engineering of the Copenhagen strain of vaccinia virus to express the rabies virus glycoprotein. When applied in baits, this recombinant has been shown to vaccinate the red fox in Europe and raccoons in the United States, stemming the spread of rabies virus infection in the wild. (ii) A fowlpox-based recombinant expressing the Newcastle disease virus fusion and hemagglutinin glycoproteins has been shown to protect commercial broiler chickens for their lifetime when the vaccine was administered at 1 day of age, even in the presence of maternal immunity against either the Newcastle disease virus or the pox vector. (iii) Recombinants of canarypox virus, which is restricted for replication to avian species, have provided protection against rabies virus challenge in cats and dogs, against canine distemper virus, feline leukemia virus, and equine influenza virus disease. In humans, canarypox virus-based recombinants expressing antigens from rabies virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and HIV have been shown to be safe and immunogenic. (iv) A highly attenuated vaccinia derivative, NYVAC, has been engineered to express antigens from both animal and human pathogens. Safety and immunogenicity of NYVAC-based recombinants expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein, a polyprotein from Japanese encephalitis virus, and seven antigens from Plasmodium falciparum have been demonstrated to be safe and immunogenic in early human vaccine studies.
 ...
PMID:Applications of pox virus vectors to vaccination: an update. 887 38

In November and December 1993, 49 children, ages 4 to 20, suffering from acute lymphoblastic leukemia, were vaccinated against influenza in the Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Medical Academy in Warsaw. These patients were vaccinated either in the course of maintenance treatment or after treatment. Each dose of Wyeth USA subunit trivalent influenza vaccine contained 15 micrograms of hemagglutinin of strains recommended for that season. The level of antibody production was determined in pre- and post vaccination sera in the group of children with leukemia and the control group. It was determined that in the investigated group, the GMT increased more than four times for hemagglutinins H1N1 and H3N2. A somewhat lower increase was observed in case of hemagglutinin HB. The proportion of subjects protected after vaccination was 35% for hemagglutinin H1N1, 76% for H3N2 and 100% for HB. The response rate was 33% for hemagglutinin H1N1, 47% for H3N2 and 45% for HB. In the control group the proportion of subjects protected and the response rate were very low. The results show the significant immunological efficacy of the vaccine used in the vaccination against influenza in high risk groups.
 ...
PMID:[Vaccination against influenza in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia]. 897 16

Fusion of viral and cellular membranes by the envelope glycoprotein gp120/gp41 effects entry of HIV-1 into the cell. The precursor, gp160, is cleaved post-translationally into gp120 and gp41 which remain non-covalently associated. Binding to both CD4 and a co-receptor leads to the conformational changes in gp120/gp41 needed for membrane fusion. We used X-ray crystallography to determine the structure of the protease-resistant part of a gp41 ectodomain solubilized with a trimeric GCN4 coiled coil in place of the amino-terminal fusion peptide. The core of the molecule is found to be an extended, triple-stranded alpha-helical coiled coil with the amino terminus at its tip. A carboxy-terminal alpha-helix packs in the reverse direction against the outside of the coiled coil, placing the amino and carboxy termini near each other at one end of the long rod. These features, and the existence of a similar reversal of chain direction in the fusion pH-induced conformation of influenza virus HA2 and in the transmembrane subunit of Moloney murine leukaemia virus (Fig. 1a-d), suggest a common mechanism for initiating fusion.
 ...
PMID:Atomic structure of the ectodomain from HIV-1 gp41. 916 13

Influenza is one of the most important respiratory diseases of mankind, yet scant data exist concerning the frequency and clinical course of influenza in severely immunocompromised adults. From October 1993 to September 1994, we cultured the respiratory secretions of all adults with leukemia who were hospitalized with an acute respiratory illness at The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston. During a 9-week period from 29 November 1993 to 29 January 1994, influenza virus type A (H3N2) was isolated from 15 (33%) of these 45 hospitalized adults. Twelve (80%) of the cases of influenza were associated with pneumonia, and four patients (33%) with pneumonia died. Patients who died tended to have received chemotherapy more recently and to be more myelosuppressed. Autopsy examination in two cases revealed histopathologic changes consistent with viral pneumonia. During community outbreaks, influenza is a frequent cause of serious respiratory disease in hospitalized adults with leukemia. Effective prophylactic and therapeutic regimens need to be defined for immunocompromised patients.
 ...
PMID:Influenza among hospitalized adults with leukemia. 919 63


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>