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Query: UMLS:C0023418 (leukemia)
 93,477 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A population-based study was carried out on 3,988 tumours in teenagers (aged 10-19 years) diagnosed during the period 1943-87 in Denmark and abstracted from the files of the National Cancer Registry. In that Registry, codes for tumours were based solely on topography until the end of 1977. In order to obtain a uniform data set, coded by the system of the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology (ICD-O) now used at the Cancer Registry, all cases of teenage cancer diagnosed prior to 1978 were re-evaluated, and an ICD-O code was applied. Tumours were further aggregated into diagnostic groups using an internationally agreed scheme. The average incidence rates for all histological types combined were 136 per million for boys and 108 per million for girls, which are close to those reported in Connecticut, USA. Central nervous system tumours, leukaemia and malignant lymphomas accounted for 60% of all cancers among teenagers. An overall excess of cancers among boys was mainly due to more frequent occurrence of leukaemias, malignant lymphomas, sarcomas and germ-cell tumours. Increasing trends with time were seen for malignant lymphomas in both boys and girls and for subtypes of non-seminoma germ-cell tumour among boys aged 15-19. For other diagnostic groups, including the main group of leukaemias, the rates have remained largely unchanged, suggesting that environmental factors associated with modern society play a minor role in the aetiology of cancer among teenagers.
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PMID:Cancer among teenagers in Denmark, 1943-1987. 834 54

After regional media had reported in early 1995 of multiple leukaemia cases in a small community in the state of Schleswig-Holstein, an "Epidemiological Task Force" was asked to review the existing evidence for a possible cluster. The Task Force is a small group appointed in 1994 by the regional Medical Association and the state's ministry of social affairs. It includes five professionals from the fields of environmental toxicology and hygiene, Public Health, epidemiology and cancer pathology. In agreement with the local Public Health administration and the ministry the Task Force organized a retrospective screening of all incident leukaemia, lymphoma and myeloma cases (ICD-9 codes 200-208) within a (5-10 km) around the small community (population on December 31st 1993: 72000) that had occurred after January 1st 1990. Any practising physician (response rate 78%), hospital (100 %), oncological centre (100%), and tumour registry (100%) serving the region were asked to notify all relevant cases to the Task Force. Additionally spontaneous case reports were elicited, and all death certificates from the a.m. time period were screened for by two Public Health administrations. We identified 202 single cases for further analysis. Comparative data for the entire region and single communities came from two cancer registries, the Danish and that of the state of Saarland/FRG, and allowed for calculating the expected number of cases by indirect standardisation. While Hodgkin's lymphomas and myelomas were (insignificantly) less frequent than expected, an excess of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and leukaemias (all types combined) was observed. Standardised incidence ratios for the whole region varied between 1.54 and 1.68 with significant and consistent increases only for the group of leukaemias among adults (aged 15+). All results were reported to both the public and administrative/professional bodies together with specific recommendations. The reactions showed a good acceptance of the Task Force and its work.
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PMID:[A leukemia cluster in the Pinneberg district. Results of an incidence study by the epidemiologic task force of the Schleswig-Holstein Medical Association]. 864 98

Childhood leukemia (ICD 204-208 [1]) incidence rates in the different regions of Belarus are reported for a period before and after the Chernobyl accident (1982-1994). There are, at this point, no recognizable trends towards higher rates.
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PMID:Childhood leukemia in Belarus before and after the Chernobyl accident. 879 53

This is a further update of a cohort mortality study of 2795 male workers employed at least 6 months between 1942 and 1994 at a 1,3-butadiene facility. Earlier reports on this cohort found a statistically significant deficit for all causes of death and lower than expected mortality for most leading causes of death. Prior reports noted an excess of deaths from lymphosarcoma primarily in those employed less than 10 years, first employed before 1946, and employed in jobs with the potential for daily exposure to butadiene (BD). There was a nonsignificant elevation for leukemia in persons potentially exposed to BD on an intermittent basis. The purpose of this update was to examine the patterns of mortality with four additional years of follow-up. Persons who had become eligible since the cohort was last updated through 1990 were also added. A total of 1222 deaths were identified, and death certificates were obtained for all but 20 of the deaths (1.6%). The standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for all causes of death is 88 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 83-93), and for all cancer, the SMR is 92 (95% CI = 82-104). There were 42 deaths from lymphohematopoietic cancers (LHC) with 28.6 expected (SMR = 147, 95% CI = 106-198), 9 observed vs. 4.7 expected deaths for lymphosarcoma (SMR = 191, 95% CI = 87-364), 13 observed vs. 11.5 expected deaths for leukemia (SMR = 113, 95% CI = 60-193), and 15 observed vs. 9.9 expected deaths from cancer of other lymphatic tissue (SMR = 152, 95% CI = 85-250). Subcohort analyses showed that the elevated risk of all LHC and its subcategories was restricted to persons who were first employed before 1950. As an adjunct to the SMR analyses, modeling was done using a qualitative cumulative exposure score as a time-dependent explanatory variable for, (1) all LHC (ICD 200-209); (2) lymphosarcoma (ICD 200); (3) lymphosarcoma and other lymphoma (ICD 200, 202); (4) multiple myeloma (ICD 203); and (5) leukemia (ICD 204-207). The cumulative exposure score was not significantly associated with any of these cancers. Cancer risk was found to increase with age for all of the LHC groups analyzed, except for lymphosarcoma. Similarly, cancer risk was found to increase with age-at-hire for all of the LHC groups except for multiple myeloma.
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PMID:Mortality update of butadiene production workers. 890 96

The purpose of this study, drawn up as a localised report, was to find out whether the accumulation of notified cases of leukaemia and haemoblastosis over a 40-year observation period, in a restricted region within a small village, can also be found in other localities of the northern Bavarian administration district of Kronach. This region was very out-of-the-way before German reunification. With its static indigenous population, and the retrieval possibilities of respective archives, it offered good conditions for a long-term study over four decades; 13 out of 63 administrative district communities could be randomly selected for research. Between 1950 and 1993, 144 patients who contracted either leukaemia or another type of malignant neoplasm of the lymphoid and haematopoetic tissues were recorded (Pos. C 81-C 96 ICD 10). When these patients' dwellings were charted, a sporadic, inconspicious, temporal-spatial distribution became apparent in seven out of 13 localities. However, in six of the 13 communities there was the same limited local concentration of cases spread over a period of time, as had been observed in the abovementioned village. This cartographically noticeable concentration was termed "cluster"; in these "clusters", both locals and long-term residents were affected. What these "clusters" have in common topographically is that they are noticeably located in moist areas. The study clearly demonstrates the difficulties in assessing these cartographically significant "clusters" from a statistical point of view, i.e. in making a risk quantification for small populations and with insufficient demographic data. Therefore, no statement can be made as to whether the observed "clusters" represent change findings, or rather, an epidemiological, i.e. endemic fundamental pattern of leukaemia and haemoblastoses; one that, within a shorter observation period, must remain undetected-that is, could be disguised by population migrations.
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PMID:[Leukemias and other hemoblastoses: description of unusual clustering and difficulties in evaluation. A report on the epidemiology of leukemias and related diseases in rural communities]. 896 5

Mistletoe lectin II (ML II) isolated from Korean mistletoe (Viscum album var. Coloratum), an effective therapeutic agent for cancers, is known to induce cell death via apoptosis. In the present study, we found the protective effect of heat shock treatment of human leukemia HL-60 cells against ML II-induced apoptosis. Exposure of HL-60 cells to ML II for 4 h resulted in apoptosis of the cells, which was evaluated by examining "DNA ladder" formation and DNA fragmentation assay. The DNA fragmentation was significantly reduced in the cells subjected to heat shock treatment by incubation at 42 degrees C for 1 h and subsequently allowed to recover for 2-16 h at 37 degrees C, prior to exposure to ML II. HL-60 cells transfected with heat shock protein (hsp) 70 gene exhibited resistance to ML II-induced apoptosis very similar to that seen when untransfected cells were heat-shocked. These results indicate that ML II-induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells is inhibited by heat shock treatment, at least in part, via a hsp 70-mediated mechanism.
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PMID:Heat shock treatment protects human HL-60 cells from apoptosis induced by lectin II isolated from Korean mistletoe, Visum album var. Coloratum. 1095 29

1,3-Butadiene, isoprene and chloroprene have all been evaluated more than once by the IARC Monographs Programme on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, most recently in February 1998 (Volume 71). Summaries are available on-line at http://monographs.iarc.fr. 1,3-Butadiene is currently classified in Group 2A (probably carcinogenic to humans), on the basis of limited evidence for increased occupational cancer risk in humans plus sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity at multiple organ sites in rats and especially in mice exposed by inhalation. Four epidemiologic studies are available on cancer risk among workers exposed to 1,3-butadiene, one large study among styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) workers, and one large and two small studies among 1,3-butadiene production workers. The results of the study of SBR workers suggest an association between butadiene exposure and leukaemia risk, which is consistent with the results of the large study of production workers. This latter study also suggested an increased risk of lymphoreticulosarcoma (ICD-8, 200). The major factors hampering the assessment of the available results are (i) possible misclassification of lymphoid and haematopoietic neoplasms, (ii) limitations in the assessment of past exposure (with the exception of the study of SBR workers) and (iii) a potential confounding effect of agents other than butadiene. Future research priorities include (i) the incorporation of newly developed biomarkers of exposure, (ii) the possible application of intermediate biomarkers, (iii) the replication of the study among SBR workers, possibly in Europe, and (iv) reanalysis of existing data in light of revisions of the classifications of leukaemias and lymphomas in the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, Third Edition (2000). Isoprene is classified in Group 2B (possibly carcinogenic to humans), on the basis of sufficient evidence for carcinogenicity at multiple organ sites in both mice and rats, especially male mice, exposed by inhalation. No epidemiologic studies are available on cancer risk from occupational exposure to isoprene. Such studies could be conducted within the framework of existing or future studies of SBR workers, assuming that isoprene exposure can be disentangled from butadiene and styrene exposure. Chloroprene is classified in Group 2B on the basis of sufficient evidence for carcinogenicity at multiple organ sites in both mice and rats exposed by inhalation. Studies of chloroprene exposed workers now include chemical workers from the United States, China and Armenia as well as shoe workers from Russia. The results of the studies from China, Armenia and Russia suggest an excess risk of liver cancer. The risk of other neoplasms was not consistently increased. Limitations of available studies include possible bias from cohort enumeration, follow-up, and choice of reference population. In most studies the exposure assessment was poor, the possible confounding effect of co-exposures was not addressed and the statistical power was low. The pathology of the cases of liver cancer should be reviewed. Future research priorities include a replication of available studies in well-defined populations and the development of biomarkers of exposure.
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PMID:1,3-Butadiene, isoprene and chloroprene: reviews by the IARC monographs programme, outstanding issues, and research priorities in epidemiology. 1139 78

Age-specific and age-standardized rates (ASR) of registered cancers for nine communities in the U.S.A. (21.8 million inhabitants, mainly white) were obtained from IARC data (1978-82, 1983-87, 1988-92). The percentage of people supplied with "optimally" fluoridated drinking water (FD) obtained from the Fluoridation Census 1985, U.S.A. were used for regression analysis of incidence rates of cancers at thirty six sites (ICD-WHO, 1957). About two-thirds of sites of the body (ICD) were associated positively with FD, but negative associations were noted for lip cancer, melanoma of the skin, and cancers of the prostate and thyroid gland. In digestive organs the stomach showed only limited and small intestine no significant link. However, cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx, colon and rectum, hepato-biliary and urinary organs were positively associated with FD. This was also the case for bone cancers in male, in line with results of rat experiments. Brain tumors and T-cell system Hodgkin's disease, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, multiple myeloma, melanoma of the skin and monocytic leukaemia were also correlated with FD. Of the 36 sites, 23 were positively significant (63.9%), 9 not significant (25.0%) and 4 negatively significant (11.1%). This may indicate a complexity of mechanisms of action of fluoride in the body, especially in view of the coexising positive and negative correlations with the fluoridation index. The likelihood of fluoride acting as a genetic cause of cancer requires consideration.
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PMID:Regression analysis of cancer incidence rates and water fluoride in the U.S.A. based on IACR/IARC (WHO) data (1978-1992). International Agency for Research on Cancer. 1151 73

Cancer has long been known to be a hazard of exposure to ionizing radiation. However, the assessment of health effects from exposure to radiation is a matter of considerable controversy. This paper presents results of a retrospective study of leukemia incidence (203-207, ICD-9) around the highest 137Cs pollution in Poland (as an effect of the Czarnobyl disaster and/or military bomb tests). The data relating to all the registered leukemias in males and females originated from the Regional Cancer Registry in Opole. The information on 137Cs concentration rates in Opole province was derived from the state monitoring provided by the Polish Geological Institute in Warsaw. The spatial analysis--based on the random-effects Poisson regression model--was carried out via the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) technique (Gibbs sampling) using BUGS software. The model incorporated epidemiological data and an ecological covariate--isotope concentrations--and provided a framework for estimating the strength of a dose-response relationship. The differences in incidence levels were quantified by traditional standardized morbidity ratios (SMRs) and presented in thematic maps as well as in combined charts of distance-disease-dose relations. Additionally, to assess spatial disease clustering, a Tango test was adopted. The results of this ecological study suggest that the 137Cs concentrations did not have any negative influence on the exposed population.
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PMID:An ecological analysis of leukemia incidence around the highest 137Cs concentration in Poland. 1155 13

As a preliminary epidemiological study, we evaluated the geographical correlation between estimated ambient ultraviolet B (UVB) levels and the mortality risk of leukemia in Japan. Ambient UVB levels were estimated from meteorological data for several successive periods. The standardized mortality ratio (SMR) was calculated for the 11 regions or 38 large cities and different times for nine types of leukemia [the International Classification of Diseases, ninth revision (ICD-9), ICD 200-208]. The ecological relationship was assessed by calculating Spearman's correlation coefficient. Among the nine types of leukemia, geographical correlation was found for two types of leukemia: "other malignant neoplasms of lymphoid and histiocytic tissue" (ICD 202) and "lymphoid leukemia" (ICD 204). The correlation coefficients between the SMR and UVB levels were statistically significant and ranged from 0.4 to 0.7 for the former and from 0.3 to 0.6 for the latter type of leukemia. This ecological study generated the hypothesis that UVB exposure may increase the risk of leukemias of lymphatic origin.
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PMID:Geographical correlation between ambient UVB level and mortality risk of leukemia in Japan. 1285 86


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