Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0023418 (leukemia)
 93,477 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Six children with cryptosporidiosis, concurrently receiving chemotherapy for acute leukaemia (n = 5) and lymphoma (n = 1), are described. Two died with evidence of persistent infection. Modification of the chemotherapy regimens in the other four children was associated with successful eradication of the pathogen and permitted continued treatment of the primary disease.
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PMID:Cryptosporidiosis and acute leukaemia. 231 76

As cocaine may affect progression of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection to Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), we used a murine model of AIDS (MAIDS) induced by LP-BM5 murine leukemia virus to examine cocaine's possible role as a cofactor for secondary parasitic infections. Dissimilarities between the sexes were observed both in the absence and presence of the cocaine. The retrovirus-infected female mice had a much higher rate of Cryptosporidiosis than the retrovirus-infected male mice. Female, but not male, retrovirus-infected mice showed approximately 20-fold more Cryptosporidium per villus section than controls. Compared to respective gender controls, male and female animals infected with the retrovirus infection manifested a heightened Cryptosporidium oocysts count regardless of cocaine treatment. Overall, female groups incurred a higher incidence of infection compared to respective male groups. To determine the role of cocaine, groups of male and female C57BL-6 mice of similar age were treated with cocaine for 4 weeks followed by termination. Cocaine synergized with retrovirus infection in female mice to cause a 30-fold increase in the number of oocyst present. The spleen size and weight of female mice was significantly greater than uninfected controls or male mice. However, due to the very slow progression to murine AIDS in the males, parasite resistance was retained, including in cocaine treated C57BL-6 mice. Thymus cell number in the retrovirus-infected female mice decreased significantly in comparison to uninfected female controls. Continued resistance to the parasite in male mice and its loss in female mice was due to the rate of immunosuppression and thus development of retrovirus-induced murine AIDS.
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PMID:Cocaine facilitation of cryptosporidiosis by murine AIDS in male and female C57/BL/6 mice. 823 89

The effects of inoculation of LP-BM5 murine leukemia retrovirus and chronic ethanol (5% v/v) ingestion on immunomodulation and Cryptosporidium parvum infection in C57BL/6 female mice were evaluated. The intestinal mucosae of retrovirally immunosuppressed animals were heavily colonized by Cryptosporidium parasites, and oocysts shedding in the feces persisted throughout the duration of the study. Mortality was exacerbated by murine retrovirus infection alone and exacerbated with concomitant chronic alcohol feeding (42.8 and 69.4%). Chronic ethanol ingestion decreased production of interferon-gamma and soluble interleukin-2 receptor released in supernatants of splenocytes when stimulated with concanavalin A, compared with the control group. Decreased production of interferon-gamma and interleukin-2 receptor was further exacerbated due to retrovirus infection. Tumor necrosis factor production by splenocytes stimulated with lipopolysaccharide, however, was significantly increased because of retrovirus infection. LP-BM5 retrovirus infection alone as well as with concomitant ethanol feeding altered cytokine production, which might have led to immunodeficiency. These changes may help explain the enhanced persistence of Cryptosporidiosis.
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PMID:Alcohol and murine acquired immunodeficiency syndrome suppression of resistance to Cryptosporidium parvum infection during modulation of cytokine production. 833 81

The therapeutic efficacy of pooled bovine colostrum for the control of cryptosporidiosis was investigated during murine acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in female C57Bl/6 mice. Mice were infected with LP-BM5 murine leukemia retrovirus for four months and then inoculated with Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Persistent cryptosporidiosis was established in all retrovirus immunosuppressed mice, while control mice were refractory to infection. Parasite colonization of intestinal villi was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in immunosuppressed animals that received dietary supplemental pooled bovine colostrum compared with to those that did not receive colostrum treatment. Similarly, shedding of oocysts in the feces of immunosuppressed animals that received dietary pooled bovine colostrum was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced compared with those that did not at 26 days post-parasite challenge. Since the nonimmune bovine colostrum contained no anti-Cryptosporidium antibodies, this suggests that passively transferred antibodies alone are unlikely to have provided the improved resistance shown in this study.
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PMID:Enhancement of resistance to Cryptosporidium parvum by pooled bovine colostrum during murine retroviral infection. 848 Aug 60

Efficacy of Lactobacillus reuteri as a probiotic for the control of Cryptosporidium parvum infection was evaluated in C57BL/6 female mice that were immunosuppressed by intraperitoneal inoculation with the LP-BM5 leukemia virus. Four months after inoculation, mice developed lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and susceptibility to C. parvum infection. After daily prefeeding with L. reuteri (10(8) cfu/day) for 10 days, mice were challenged with 6.5 x 10(6) C. parvum oocysts and fed L. reuteri during the entire study. Mice supplemented with L. reuteri and challenged with C. parvum cleared parasite loads from the gut epithelium. However, unsupplemented animals developed persistent cryptosporidiosis and shed high levels of oocysts in the feces. L. reuteri feeding increased its colonization of the intestinal tract, which was inversely related to the fecal shedding of oocysts. These findings suggest that L. reuteri may help prevent C. parvum infection in immunodeficient subjects.
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PMID:Effect of Lactobacillus reuteri on intestinal resistance to Cryptosporidium parvum infection in a murine model of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. 898 25

The effect of L. acidophilus supplementation to reduce fecal shedding of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts was compared to L. reuteri using C57BL/6 female mice immunosuppressed by murine leukemia virus (strain LP-BM5) inoculation. After 12 weeks post LP-BM5 inoculation, 15 immunosuppressed mice each were randomly assinged to one of the following treatment groups: historical control (group A), LP-BM5 control (group B), C. parvum (group C), L. reuteri plus C. parvum (group D) or L. acidophilus plus C. parvum (group E). Mice were pre-fed the L. reuteri or L. acidophilus bacteria strains daily for 13 days, challenged with C. parvum oocysts and thereafter fed the specified Lactobacillus regimens daily during the experimental period. Animals supplemented with L. reuteri shed fewer (p<0.05) oocysts on day-7 post C. parvum challenge compared to controls. Mice supplemented with L. acidophilus also shed fewer (p<0.05) oocysts on days 7 and 14 post-challenge compared to controls. Overall, Lactobacillus supplementation reduced C. parvum shedding in the feces but failed to suppress the production of T-helper type 2 cytokines [interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-8)] which are associated with immunosuppression. Additionally, Lactobacillus supplementation did not restore T-helper type 1 cytokines (interleukin-2 (IL-2) and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), which are required for recovery from parasitic infections. Altered T-helper types 1 and 2 cytokine production as a consequence of immunodysfunction permitted the development of persistent cryptosporidiosis while mice with intact immune system were refractory to infection with C. parvum. Reduction in shedding of oocysts observed in the Lactobacillus supplemented mice during deminished IL-2 and IFN-gamma production may be mediated by factors released into the intestinal lumen by the Lactobacillus and possibly other host cellular mechanisms. These observations suggest that L. reuteri or L. acidophilus can reduce C. parvum parasite burdens in the intestinal epithelium during cryptosporidiosis and may serve potential benefits as probiotics for host resistance to intestinal parasitic infections. L. acidophilus was more efficacious in reducing fecal shedding than L. reuteri and therefore may also have implication in the therapy of cryptosporidiosis during immunosuppressive states including human AIDS.
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PMID:Supplementation with Lactobacillus reuteri or L. acidophilus reduced intestinal shedding of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in immunodeficient C57BL/6 mice. 1054 81

Cryptosporidium spp. is known to cause heavy diarrhea especially in immunosuppressed patients. In this study, eighty nine leukemia and lymphoma patients between the ages of 1 to 14 were studied for the prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis using both ELISA (Cryptosporidium Rida Screen, R-Biopharm, Germany) and the Kinyoun acid-fast staining method. These patients were sent to us by the Hematology-Oncology department where they were diagnosed with leukemia and lymphoma. Cryptosporidium spp. were detected in 11 patients (12.35%) with ELISA and in 7 patients (7.86%) with the Kinyoun acid fast stain. No cryptosporidiosis was detected in the control groups of 60 patients with neoplasia but without diarrhea. The distribution of Cryptosporidium among positive samples were 7 (14.8%) in patients who were diagnosed with ALL, 3 (10%) in patients who were diagnosed with KML, and 1 (8.3%) in patients who were diagnosed with solid tumors. Sixty-five patients (73.03%) had a fever, 43 patients (48.31%) were vomiting and 58 patients (65.16%) had stomach pain. Except for two, all the patients responded positively to paromomycin treatment. Those two patients responded positively to azitromycine treatment. We suggest that when considering cryptosporidiosis in children with cancer, the use of a more sensitive and specific method such as ELISA- in addition to the acid fast stain should be considered.
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PMID:[The prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in children who were diagnosed with leukemia and lymphoma]. 1898 69

Over the last 40 years, cryptosporidium has increasingly been recognized as a cause of acute self-limiting diarrhea in normal hosts. In the immunocompromised patient, cryptosporidium may cause severe illness with prolonged diarrhea and malabsorption. Pharmacologic therapy of cryptosporidium relies on adequate delivery of drug metabolites to the colon. Here we describe a patient who developed toxic megacolon during induction therapy for leukemia, requiring ileostomy formation to proceed with leukemia treatment. Although the megacolon resolved promptly, the resulting isolation of the colon from the fecal stream prevented luminal delivery of active metabolites of anti-protozoal drugs, resulting in persistent cryptosporidiosis. Refeeding of the ileostomy output into the colon effectively eradicated cryptosporidium from the colon and permitted closure of the ileostomy.
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PMID:Eradication of cryptosporidium from a defunctionalized colon limb by refeeding stoma effluent. 2010 71