Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0023418 (leukemia)
 93,477 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), which are thought to result from an inappropriate immunologic (autoimmune) response to luminal antibodies. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) performed for coincidental diseases is able to cure both leukaemia and Crohn's disease. Autologous SCT is currently performed worldwide for severe autoimmune diseases (SADs) because of its reduced transplant-related mortality (TRM). We report the case of a 30-year-old male patient with a 10-year history of severe Crohn's disease, who developed Hodgkin's disease and received an unmanipulated peripheral blood autologous transplant. Three years after the transplant the patient is in complete treatment-free remission of both diseases.
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PMID:Crohn's disease complicated by relapsed extranodal Hodgkin's lymphoma: prolonged complete remission after unmanipulated PBPC autotransplant. 1108 97

Typhlitis is a life-threatening necrotizing process of the cecum associated with leukemia patients who have undergone chemotherapy. We present a rare complication of typhlitis in a boy with leukemia, in whom a right psoas abscess developed secondary to the inflammatory process of the cecum, with an emphasis on the computed tomographic findings of this severe and potentially life-threatening complication. Typhlitis should be added to conditions of the gastrointestinal tract that cause a psoas abscess such as Crohn's disease, diverticulitis, appendicitis, colorectal carcinoma, and appendiceal tumor.
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PMID:Typhlitis as a rare cause of a psoas abscess. 1217 6

Bone marrow transplantation is becoming a powerful strategy for the treatment of hematologic disorders (leukemia, aplastic anemia, etc.), congenital immunodeficiencies, metabolic disorders and also autoimmune diseases. Using various animal models for autoimmune diseases, we have previously found that allogeneic (not autologous) bone marrow transplantation can be used to treat autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, immune thrombocytic purpura, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, chronic glomerulonephritis and certain types of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. In contrast, we have found that the transplantation of T-cell-depleted bone marrow cells or partially purified hemopoietic stem cells from autoimmune-prone mice to normal mice leads to the induction of autoimmune diseases in the recipients. These findings have recently been confirmed even in humans; autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis and Crohn's disease were resolved after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. However, there have recently been reports on the rapid recurrence or persistence of autoimmune diseases after autologous bone marrow transplantation. Conversely, the adoptive transfer of autoimmune diseases such as myasthenia gravis, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and Graves' disease by allogeneic bone marrow transplantation from donors to recipients has been reported. Owing to these findings, we have proposed that autoimmune diseases are "stem cell disorders." We have thus succeeded in treating autoimmune diseases in various autoimmune-prone mice, except MRL/lpr mice, by conventional bone marrow transplantation. The MRL/lpr mouse itself is radiosensitive (<8.5 Gy), while the abnormal hemopoietic stem cells of the MRL/lpr mouse are radioresistant (>8.5 Gy); conventional bone marrow transplantation (8.5 Gy plus bone marrow transplantation) has a transient effect on autoimmune diseases, which recur three months after the bone marrow transplantation. However, bone marrow transplantation plus bone grafts (to recruit donor stromal cells) completely prevents the recurrence of autoimmune diseases in MRL/lpr mice. Donor-derived stromal cells (including mesenchymal stem cells) thus seem to play a crucial role in successful allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, since there is a major histocompatibility complex restriction between hemopoietic stem cells and stromal cells. We have, however, found that the combination of bone marrow transplantation plus bone grafts has no effect on the treatment of autoimmune diseases in MRL/lpr mice, since MRL/lpr mice become more radiosensitive after the onset of lupus nephritis due to the development of uremic enterocolitis. To reduce the cytotoxic effect of radiation on the intestine, we carried out fractionated irradiation and devised a new strategy. We injected allogeneic whole bone marrow cells (including a small number [<3%] of T cells, hemopoietic stem cells and stromal cells) from donors directly into the intra-bone marrow of recipients so that donor-derived hemopoietic cells including stromal cells could effectively accumulate in the bone marrow. All the MRL/lpr mice survived more than one year (>60 weeks after birth) without the recurrence of autoimmune diseases, and immunological functions were completely restored even when the radiation dose was reduced to 5 Gy x 2. These findings suggest that intra-bone marrow injection-bone marrow transplantation can be used to treat intractable autoimmune diseases under reduced radiation doses without using any immunosuppressants.Intra-bone marrow injection-bone marrow transplantation seems to be the best strategy for allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: 1) no graft-versus-host disease develops even if T cells are not depleted from the bone marrow; 2) no graft failure occurs even if the dose of radiation as the conditioning for bone marrow transplantation is reduced to 5 Gy x 2; 3) hemopoietic recovery is rapid; and 4) T-cell functions are completely restored even in donor-recipient combinations across the major histocompatibility complex barriers. Using cynomolgus monkeys, we have recently established a new method (the "perfusion method") for collecting bone marrow cells from the long bones (femur, humerus, etc.) without peripheral blood contamination. This method has various advantages: 1) no graft-versus-host disease develops even in cynomolgus monkeys, since the percentage of T cells in the bone marrow cells collected is less than 3%; 2) a large number of bone marrow cells can be collected quickly and safely; and 3) the bone marrow cells collected contain stromal cells including mesenchymal stem cells. We therefore believe that this method (intra-bone marrow injection-bone marrow transplantation in conjunction with the perfusion method) will become a powerful new strategy for not only allogeneic bone marrow transplantation but also organ transplantation in conjunction with bone marrow transplantation. Furthermore, this method could become a valuable strategy in regeneration therapy for injured organs and tissues (myocardial infarction, cerebral infarction, Alzheimer's disease, etc.), since it can efficiently reconstitute the recipient with both donor-derived hemopoietic stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells.
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PMID:Bone marrow transplantation: a new strategy for intractable diseases. 1253 88

Salicylazosulfapyridine is widely used for the treatment of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. It has been beneficial in the treatment of psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis, and it has been used in veterinary medicine for the treatment of granulomatous colitis. Salicylazosulfapyridine was nominated for toxicity and carcinogenicity testing by the National Cancer Institute on the basis of its widespread use in humans and because it is a representative chemical from a class of aryl sulfonamides. Salicylazosulfapyridine is a suspect carcinogen because reductive cleavage of the azo linkage yields a p-amino aryl sulfonamide (sulfapyridine), and a related p-amino aryl sulfonamide (sulfamethoxazole) has been shown to produce thyroid neoplasms in rats. Toxicology and carcinogenicity studies were conducted in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice. Rats and mice were administered salicylazosulfapyridine (96% to 98% pure) in corn oil by gavage for 16 days, 13 weeks, or 2 years. The gavage route of administration was selected for these studies because it approximates the typical route of human exposure to the chemical. Genetic toxicology studies were conducted in vitro in Salmonella typhimurium and cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells and in vivo in rat and mouse bone marrow and mouse peripheral blood cells. 16-DAY STUDY IN RATS: Groups of five male and five female rats were administered 0, 675, 1,350, or 2,700 mg salicylazosulfapyridine/kg body weight in corn oil by gavage for 16 days excluding weekends. All rats survived to the end of the study. With the exception of the 675 mg/kg male group, the final mean body weights of all dosed groups of males and females were significantly lower than those of controls. Mean body weight gains of all dosed groups were less than those of controls. Clinical findings included ruffled fur and distended abdomens in male and female rats receiving 2,700 mg/kg. Hypothyroidism, evidenced by decreased serum triiodothyronine and thyroxine concentrations and increased thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations, occurred in 2,700 mg/kg male and female rats. The absolute and relative thymus weights of male rats receiving,350 or 2,700 mg/kg and female rats receiving 2,700 mg/kg were significantly lower than those of controls. At necropsy, all dosed rats had enlarged cecae/large intestines. Male rats receiving 1,350 mg/kg and male and female rats receiving 2,700 mg/kg had red, enlarged thyroid glands. Chemical-related microscopic lesions were present in the forestomach, thymus, thyroid gland, and pituitary gland. Minimal to mild hyperplasia of the forestomach mucosa was present in the 1,350 and 2,700 mg/kg male and female groups. Lymphoid depletion was observed in the thymus of three male and three female rats in the 2,700 mg/kg groups. Male and female rats receiving 1,350 and 2,700 mg/kg had thyroid gland follicular cell hyperplasia and an increase in thyroid-stimulating hormone producing cells in the pars distalis of the pituitary gland. 16-DAY STUDY IN MICE: Groups of five male and five female mice were administered 0, 675, 1,350, or 2,700 mg salicylazosulfapyridine/kg body weight in corn oil by gavage for 16 days excluding weekends. There were no chemical-related deaths, and final mean body weights of dosed mice were similar to those of controls. No chemical-related clinical findings were noted for male or female mice. There were no differences in triiodothyronine, thyroxine, or thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations between dosed and control mice. There were no biologically significant differences in absolute or relative organ weights between dosed and control male and female mice. At necropsy, male mice receiving 2,700 mg/kg had enlarged cecae/large intestines. There were no biologically significant histopathologic lesions attributed to salicylazosulfapyridine administration. 13-WEEK STUDY IN RATS: Groups of 10 male and 10 female rats were administered 0, 84, 168.8, or 337.5 mg salicylazosulfapyridine/kg body weight in corn oil by gavage for 13 weeks. All rats survived to the end of the study. The finaludy. The final mean body weights of dosed male rats were similar to those of controls; the final mean body weights and body weight gains of dosed females were significantly lower than those of controls. No chemical-related clinical findings were noted in dosed male or female rats during the 13-week study. No significant differences in hematology or urinalysis parameters between control and dosed rats were observed. The absolute and relative right kidney weights of 337.5 mg/kg females were significantly greater than those of controls. At necropsy, some 337.5 mg/kg male rats had red, enlarged thyroid glands. Histopathologic changes were noted primarily in the thyroid gland and pituitary gland of males and females in the 337.5 mg/kg groups. The thyroid gland lesions observed were similar to those present in the 16-day study. Nine male rats receiving 168.8 mg/kg and ten male and seven female rats receiving.5 mg/kg had minimal but consistent changes in thyroid gland follicular cells. In the pituitary gland of 337.5 mg/kg males and females, the thyroid-stimulating hormone producing cells were enlarged and contained pale-staining cytoplasm and prominent Golgi complexes. Decreased serum triiodothyronine and thyroxine concentrations and increased thyroid-stimulating hormone concentration, similar to differences observed in the 16-day study, occurred in 337.5 mg/kg male rats; thyroid hormone concentrations were not affected in female rats. Sperm motility of all dosed groups of males was significantly lower than that of controls. Vaginal cytology parameters of dosed groups of females were similar to those of controls. 13-WEEK STUDY IN MICE: Groups of 10 male and 10 female mice were administered 0, 675, 1,350, or 2,700 mg salicylazosulfapyridine/kg body weight in corn oil by gavage for 13 weeks. All mice survived to the end of the study. The final mean body weights of dosed male and female mice were similar to those of controls. The mean body weight gains of 1,350 and 2,700 mg/kg male mice were less than that of controls. No chemical-related clinical findings were noted in dosed male or female mice during the 13-week study. There was minimal evidence of a responsive anemia in mice in the 13-week study. The anemia was probably related to a methemoglobinemia. There were minimal decreases in thyroxine concentration in all dosed groups of male and female mice in the -week study. There were, however, no differences in triiodothyronine and thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations between dosed and control animals. Absolute and relative liver weights of all groups of dosed male and female mice were significantly greater than those of controls. There were no chemical-related gross lesions. Microscopic evaluation of the liver revealed centrilobular hypertrophy in five 1,350 mg/kg and all 2,700 mg/kg male mice. The right cauda weight of the 1,350 mg/kg group and the right epididymis weights of all dose groups were significantly lower than those of controls. There was no evidence of chemical-related alteration in the vaginal cytology parameters of female mice. 2-YEAR STUDY IN RATS: Groups of 60 male and 60 female rats were administered 84, 168, or 337.5 mg salicylazosulfapyridine/kg body weight in corn oil by gavage for up to 105 weeks. Groups of 70 male and 60 female rats were administered the corn oil vehicle by gavage for up to 105 weeks. A stop-exposure group of 70 male rats was administered 337.5 mg/kg salicylazosulfapyridine in corn oil by gavage for 6 months, after which animals received the corn oil vehicle by gavage for the remainder of the 2-year study. Ten animals from the vehicle control male group and 10 animals from the 337.5 mg/kg stop-exposure group were evaluated at 6 months; animals from each core-study group were evaluated at 15 months. Survival, Body Weights, and Clinical Chemistry: Survival of 337.5 mg/kg male core-study rats was significantly lower than that of controls; survival of 84 and 168 mg/kg core-study males, all groups of dosed females, and the stop-exposure male group was similar to controls. Mean body weights of core-study males and stop-exposure males were similar to controls throughout the study. From week 45 to the end of the study, females in the 337.5 mg/kg group had mean body weights that were lower than those of controls. The serum thyroxine concentration in 337.5 mg/kg core-study males at study termination was minimally lower than that of controls; the serum thyroid-stimulating hormone, triiodothyronine, and reverse triiodothyronine concentrations of dosed males and females were similar to those of controls. Pathology Findings: Administration of salicylazosulfapyridine for 2 years was associated with transitional epithelial papilloma in the urinary bladder of male rats and may have been associated with transitional epithelial papilloma of the kidney and of the urinary bladder of female rats. Nonneoplastic effects in the urinary bladder and kidney of male and female rats and in the spleen of male rats were also observed. Dosed male and female rats had increased incidences of grossly and microscopically observed urinary bladder concretions (diagnosed grossly as calculi at necropsy); male and female rats that developed transitional epithelial papillomas of the urinary bladder had grossly observed concretions (calculi) in the urinary bladder at necropsy. The microscopic neoplastic and nonneoplastic urinary bladder and kidney effects observed in dosed male rats during the 2-year continuous study did not occur in dosed rats during the 2-year stop-exposure study, nor were there gross observations of concretions (calculi) at necropsy. The incidences of mononuclear cell leukemia in male and female rats were decreased. The thyroid gland hyperplasia seen in the -week study was not observed in the 2-year study, and there was no evidence of chemical-related thyroid gland follicular cell adenomas or carcinomas. 2-YEAR STUDY IN MICE: Groups of 60 male and 60 female mice were administered 0, 675, 1,350, or 2,700 mg salicylazosulfapyridine/kg body weight in corn oil by gavage for up to 104 weeks. Ten animals from each group were evaluated at 15 months. Survival, Body Weights,and Clinical Chemistry: Survival of all the dosed groups of male and female mice was similar to that of controls. Mean body weights of 675 and 1,350 mg/kg male and female mice were similar to controls throughout the study. From week 12 to the end of the study, 2,700 mg/kg male mice had mean body weights that were lower than those of controls. From week 14 to the end of the study, the 2,700 mg/kg female mice had mean body weights that were lower than those of controls. There were no chemical-related differences in triiodothyronine, reverse triiodothyronine, thyroxine, or thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations between dosed and control mice at the 15-month evaluation. Pathology Findings: Exposure of mice to salicylazosulfapyridine in corn oil by gavage for 2 years was associated with increased incidences of hepatocellular neoplasms in males and females. Nonneoplastic effects in the liver and spleen were also observed in male and female mice. The incidences of forestomach squamous cell papilloma in females and forestomach hyperplasia in males and females were decreased. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY: Salicylazosulfapyridine was not mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA97, TA98, TA100, or TA1535, and it did not induce sister chromatid exchanges or chromosomal aberrations in cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells. These in vitro assays were performed with and without S9 metabolic activation enzymes. Results from in vivo mouse bone marrow chromo somal aberration tests were uniformly negative, while results of micronucleus assays performed on male or female mice exposed to salicylazosulfapyridine for periods ranging from 3 days to weeks were positive. Micronucleus tests in male mice for shorter exposure times (1 to 2 days) yielded negative or very weakly positive results. A three-treatment (72-hour exposure time) micronucleus test performed in male rats yielded equivocal results. Overall, results of these in vivo assays indicate that salicylazosulfa pyridine is capable of inducing chromosomal damage, possibly in the form of aneuploidy, in mouse bone marrow cells after multiple administrations. CONCLUSIONS: Under the conditions of these 2-year gavage studies, there was some evidence of carcinogenic activity of salicylazosulfapyridine in male and female F344/N rats based on increased incidences of neoplasms in the urinary tract. There was an increased incidence of transitional epithelial papilloma of the urinary bladder in males and a low incidence of rare transitional epithelial papillomas of the kidney and of the urinary bladder in females. There was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity of salicylazosulfapyridine in male and female B6C3F1 mice based on increased incidences of hepatocellular neoplasms. Increased incidences of nonneoplastic lesions of the urinary bladder and kidney in male and female rats and of the spleen in male rats were observed. Increased incidences of nonneoplastic lesions of the liver and spleen in male and female mice were observed. Decreased incidences of mononuclear cell leukemia in male and female rats were related to salicylazosulfapyridine administration. Decreased incidences of forestomach squamous cell papilloma in female mice and forestomach hyperplasia in male and female mice were related to salicylazosulfapyridine administration. Synonyms: 2-Hydroxy-5-[[4-[2-(pyridinylamino)sulfonyl]phenyl]azo]benzoic acid; 5-[p- (2-pyridylsulfamoyl)phenylazo]salicylic acid; sulfasalazine; salazosulfapyridine; 5-[4-(2-pyridylsulfamoyl)phenylazo]-2-hydroxybenzoic acid; 4-(pyridyl-2-amidosulfonyl)-3'-carboxy-4'-hydroxyazobenzene; sulphasalazine Trade names: Azopyrin, Azulfidine, Benzosulfa, Colo-Pleon, Reupirin, Salazopyrin
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PMID:NTP Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Salicylazosulfapyridine (CAS No. 599-79-1) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Gavage Studies). 1258 19

Recent research during the last decades revealed evidence for the pathogenic role of the vitreous in many diseases of the retina. After a survey of the surgical anatomy and biochemistry of the vitreous, the author summarises present knowledge of various vitreoretinal disorders. Vitreoretinal disorders are discussed as follows: congenital anomalies, pathologic vitreoretinal adhesions, vitreous opacities, inflammatory diseases, vitreous hemorrhages and cellular infiltration of the vitreous. Special emphasis is placed on vitroretinal disorders of general importance, such as diabetic retinopathy, endogenous (fungal) endophthalmitis, Whipple disease, Crohn disease, sarcoidosis, shaken-baby syndrome, Terson syndrome, metastatic tumours of the choroid, cellular infiltration of the vitreous due to leukaemia or non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and amyloidosis. During the last few years better understanding of vitreoretinal disorders and improved diagnostic and therapeutic methods opened a new era of vitreoretinal surgery.
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PMID:[Role of the vitreous body in vitreoretinal diseases]. 1263 43

The purine anti-metabolite 6-mercaptopurine is one of the most widely used drugs for the treatment of acute childhood leukemia and chronic myelocytic leukemia. Developed in the 1950s, the drug is also being used as a treatment for inflammatory diseases such as Crohn's disease. The antiproliferative mechanism of action of this drug and other purine anti-metabolites has been demonstrated to be through inhibition of de novo purine synthesis and incorporation into nucleic acids. Despite the extensive clinical use and study of 6-mercaptopurine and other purine analogues, the cellular effects of these compounds remain relatively unknown. More recently, purine anti-metabolites have been shown to function as protein kinase inhibitors and to regulate gene expression. In an attempt to find small molecule regulators of the orphan nuclear receptor Nurr1, interestingly, we identified 6-mercaptopurine as a specific activator of this receptor. A detailed analysis of 6-mercaptopurine regulation of Nurr1 demonstrates that 6-mercaptopurine regulates Nurr1 through a region in the amino terminus. This activity can be inhibited by components of the purine biosynthesis pathway. These findings indicate that Nurr1 may play a role in mediating some of the antiproliferative effects of 6-mercaptopurine and potentially implicate Nurr1 as a molecular target for treatment of leukemias.
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PMID:Identification of the antineoplastic agent 6-mercaptopurine as an activator of the orphan nuclear hormone receptor Nurr1. 1270 33

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) antagonist therapy has proven effective in inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease. There is substantial evidence that TNF-alpha also plays a role in the development of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation, which along with leukemia relapse remains one of the 2 major impediments to success of the approach. Using a recently developed potent rat/mouse chimeric monoclonal antibody directed against murine TNF-alpha (CNTO2213), the authors investigated the effect of TNF-alpha blockade on GVHD mediated by either CD4(+) or CD8(+) donor T cells. The results indicated that the treatment had only a moderate effect on both a CD8(+) T cell-mediated major histocompatibility complex-matched GVHD model involving multiple minor histocompatibility antigens and a p-->F(1) acute GVHD model directed against a haplo-mismatched major histocompatibility complex barrier involving both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. In contrast, treatment with the anti-TNF-alpha antibody had a highly significant effect (100% survival rate) on the CD4(+) T cell-mediated component of this latter model. Importantly, anti-TNF-alpha antibody did not block the development of a graft-versus-leukemia effect against a murine myeloid leukemia challenge in either a syngeneic or allogeneic p-->F(1) setting. This suggests that the inhibition of TNF-alpha during allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation may be able to diminish the inflammatory GVHD reaction without hindering effective graft-versus-leukemia responses.
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PMID:Role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in graft-versus-host disease and graft-versus-leukemia responses. 1276 79

6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP) and its prodrug azathioprine (AZA) are well known for their lymphocytotoxic and bone marrow suppressive effects in the management of patients with leukemia. Although their immunosuppressive properties are mediated by the active AZA antimetabolite 6-thioguanine (6-TG), its mechanism of action is largely unknown. In IBD, a significant inverse correlation has been shown between erythrocyte 6-TG metabolite levels and disease activity, further supporting the proposed immunosuppressive role for 6-TG. Since leukocytes possess quantitatively different purine metabolic pathways compared to erythrocytes, this study aims to measure lymphocyte DNA 6-TG metabolites and correlate levels with the INF-gamma and IL-10 cytokine profile in patients with Crohn's disease (CD). Forty-six adult patients with CD, either naive (17) or on long-term (>4-month) AZA therapy (29), had erythrocyte and lymphocyte DNA 6-TG levels measured by reverse-phase HPLC under UV detection (6-TG, 340 nm). Lymphocyte DNA 6-TG was expressed as picomoles per milligram of DNA. Lymphocyte DNA 6-TG metabolite levels were correlated with INF-gamma and IL-10 cytokine profiles using the OptEIA kit (Pharmigen). Lymphocyte DNA 6-TG metabolite levels correlate with erythrocyte 6-TG levels (P < 0.03) but not total patient leukocyte levels. Erythrocyte 6-TG metabolite levels correlated (P < 0.01) inversely with INF-gamma but not IL-10 cytokine levels. This study suggests a preferential dampening of the TH1 response on exposure to 6-TG and a possible immunosuppressive mechanism of action for AZA. Future studies are needed to determine if cytokine profiles can be used to predict recalcitrant CD to AZA therapy.
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PMID:Peripheral blood mononuclear cell DNA 6-thioguanine metabolite levels correlate with decreased interferon-gamma production in patients with Crohn's disease on AZA therapy. 1499 47

The fusion of a murine B cell and a myeloma cell generates a hybridoma that produces monoclonal antibody (mAb). These murine mAb induce the HAMA (human anti-mouse antibodies) response. Murine mAb have been modified by genetic engineering, producing molecules with a higher proportion of human protein. At present, chimeric, humanized and fully human mAb are available. mAb block interactions between target molecules and their ligands or trigger the lyses of mAb-coated tumor cells. Numerous mAb have been developed using the recombinant DNA technology and several are available in the market. Trastuzumab, against HER2/neu, is useful in breast cancer; rituximab, against CD20 in B lymphocytes is useful in lymphoma; alemtuzumah, against CD52 is used in lymphoma and leukemia; daclizumab and basiliximab block the IL-2 receptor interaction and reduce acute rejection in kidney transplantation; abciximab, an antagonist of GPIIb/IIIa platelet receptor, is used in patients undergoing acute coronary syndromes. In autoimmunity diseases, blocking tumor necrosis factor by infliximab and adalimumab has demonstrated excellent results. Thus, infliximab is useful in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis while adalimumab is the first fully human mAb available for RA. Infliximab and adalimumab reduce signs and symptoms in RA and they also interfere with progression of joint damage. Finally, the direct benefits of antagonist treatment can occur at the expense of a major adverse effect in some other biological function.
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PMID:[New immunological weapons for medicine in the 21st Century: biological therapy based on the use of the latest generation monoclonal antibodies]. 1502 9

Intestinal adenocarcinoma is a well-known complication of inflammatory bowel disease. Hematologic malignancies, most commonly lymphoma or acute myeloid leukemia, represent a much less well-recognized complication of these disorders; these typically occur in adults with ulcerative colitis. We report a fatal case of juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia associated with monosomy 7 in a young child with a clinical history of Crohn disease. Neither the leukemia nor the cytogenetic aberration has been previously reported in a patient with inflammatory bowel disease. The aggressive disease course emphasizes the need for proper recognition and further study of this unusual complication.
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PMID:Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia in a child with Crohn disease. 1668 90


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